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The author used a random sample of 57 cities with populations between 25,000 and 1,000,000 to predict the impact of the form of government on voter turnout in city elections, controlling for socioeconomic variables and the timing of elections. Results show that voter turnout is dependent on the form of government. Political cities have the highest voter turnout, while administrative cities have the lowest voter turnout. By comparing structural differences between cities with different forms of government, the author determined that the direct election of the mayor, the expansion of mayoral executive authority, the separation of political power between the mayor and council, and/or the full-time status of the mayor and council are likely contributors to higher voter turnout in city elections.

The nature of the pollution process predicates a need to integrate the activities of the different bodies engaged in controlling environmental pollution. In Britain, it has been suggested that integrated control (the best practicable environmental option—BPEO) could be achieved by local liaison in the form of pollution panels. Because pollution panels have general aims, are usually large, do not usually include all the relevant control authorities, meet infrequently, and cover only 11% of the districts of England and Wales, and because industrial members are reluctant to discuss their affairs in 'public', it is concluded that they are not, as presently constituted, the appropriate bodies to implement the BPEO concept. Some of the pollution panels have, however, created the 'climate of opinion' and the informal contacts which would enable specific BPEO cases to be discussed by technical working groups drawn mainly from the panel's membership. Nevertheless, informal local liaison does not appear to be a particularly promising method of achieving integrated pollution control.

LOCAL PLANNING AUTHORITIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM PLAY A CONSIDERABLE ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF POLLUTION FROM NEW SOURCES. A NUMBER OF INDICATORS OF THE OUTCOME OF A PLANNING DECISION RELATING TO A NEW OR MODIFIED POLLUTION SOURCE ARE DERIVED AND TESTED USING FIVE CASE HISTORIES. IN THESE CASES, CORPORATE INTERESTS TENDED TO PREVAIL OVER ENVIRONMENTAL INTERESTS, CONFLICTS BETWEEN CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT WERE COMMON, POLLUTION CONTROL AUTHORITIES ALWAYS PERMITTED DISCHARGES, PLANNING AUTHORITIES USUALLY ACTED AS MEDIATORS, SEEKING TO GRANT PERMISSION WITH MITIGATION MEASURES, AND OBJECTORS SOMETIMES PREVENTED THE LOCATION OF A NEW POLLUTION SOURCE:

BRAZIL HAS LONG HELD A SPECIAL PLACE IN COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF RACE RELATIONS AND IDENTITY. THIS DISCUSSION SERVES TO HIGHLIGHT MANY OF THE NUANCES OF RACIAL IDENTITY IN BRAZIL. IT MAKES EXPLICIT THE CAVEATS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF DATA PRODUCED BY THE CENSUS BUREAU. BECAUSE THE EMPIRICAL FINDINGS ARE BASED ON NATIONAL CENSUSES AND SURVEYS, THE STUDY BEGINS WITH A REVIEW OF THE DEBATES REGARDING THE USE OF THESE DATA.

Pollution problems in UK enterprise zones were predicted because of the relaxation of land-use planning powers which are frequently used to anticipate and prevent pollution. A questionnaire survey and in-depth study of four zones revealed that, in the event, pollution problems have been below the average for similar industrial areas. The pollution which has arisen in enterprise zones has been associated mostly with developments not requiring planning permission rather than with the many firms that still require such permission. Landlord powers, controls over the nature of developments, the location of enterprise zones, prior negotiations, and residual planning and other controls have all been used to replace statutory planning powers. However, these alternative controls are much less likely to prove effective in simplified planning zones where local authorities may succeed mainly in attracting potentially polluting development.