Suchergebnisse

ParaFishControl is coordinated by Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). ; Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal food sector worldwide and expected to further increase to feed the growing human population. However, existing and (re-)emerging diseases are hampering fish and shellfish cultivation and yield. For many diseases, vaccination protocols are not in place and the excessive use of antibiotics and other chemicals is of substantial concern. A more sustainable disease control strategy to protect fish and shellfish from (re-)emerging diseases could be achieved by introduction or augmentation of beneficial microbes. To establish and maintain a 'healthy' fish microbiome, a fundamental understanding of the diversity and temporal-spatial dynamics of fish-associated microbial communities and their impact on growth and health of their aquatic hosts is required. This review describes insights in the diversity and functions of the fish bacterial communities elucidated with next-generation sequencing and discusses the potential of the microbes to mitigate (re-)emerging diseases in aquaculture. ; This work was financially supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 634429 ParaFishControl (Advanced Tools and Research Strategies for Parasite Control in European farmed fish) and the NWO Applied and Engineering sciences (project 14224). ; Peer reviewed

ParaFishControl is coordinated by Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). ; In this review, we support taking polarized immune responses in teleost fish from a 'macrophage first' point of view, a hypothesis that reverts the dichotomous T helper (TH)1 and TH2 driving forces by building on the idea of conservation of innate immune responses in lower vertebrates. It is plausible that the initial trigger for macrophage polarization into M1 (inflammation) or M2 (healing) could rely only on sensing microbial/parasite infection or other innate danger signals, without the influence of adaptive immunity. Given the long and ongoing debate on the presence/absence of a typical TH1 cytokine environment and, in particular, TH2 cytokine environment in fish immune responses, it stands out that the presence of macrophages with polarized phenotypes, alike M1 and M2, have been relatively easy to demonstrate for fish. We summarize in short present knowledge in teleost fish on those cytokines considered most critical to the dichotomous development of TH1/M1 and TH2/M2 polarization, in particular, but not exclusively, interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13. We review, in more detail, polarization of fish immune responses taken from the macrophage point of view for which we adopted the simple nomenclature of M1 and M2. We discuss inducible nitric oxide synthase, or NOS-2, as a reliable M1 marker and arginase-2 as a reliable M2 marker for teleost fish and discuss the value of these macrophage markers for the generation of zebrafish reporter lines to study M1/M2 polarization in vivo. ; Research leading to this review was funded by the European Commission under the 7th (FP7) and 8th (H2020) Framework Programs for Research and Technological Development of the European Union (NEMO PITN-GA-2008-214505, TARGETFISH Grant No. 311993 and PARAFISHCONTROL Grant No. 634429). ; Peer reviewed

Mammalian macrophages can adopt polarization states that, depending on the exact stimuli present in their extracellular environment, can lead to very diferent functions. Although these diferent polarization states have been shown primarily for macrophages of humans and mice, it is likely that polarized macrophages with corresponding phenotypes exist across mammals. Evidence of functional conservation in macrophages from teleost fsh suggests that the same, or at least comparable polarization states should also be present in teleosts. However, corresponding transcriptional profles of marker genes have not been reported thus far. In this study we confrm that macrophages from common carp can polarize into M1- and M2 phenotypes with conserved functions and corresponding transcriptional profles compared to mammalian macrophages. Carp M1 macrophages show increased production of nitric oxide and a transcriptional profle with increased pro-infammatory cytokines and mediators, including il6, il12 and saa. Carp M2 macrophages show increased arginase activity and a transcriptional profle with increased anti-infammatory mediators, including cyr61, timp2b and tgm2b. Our RNA sequencing approach allowed us to list, in an unbiased manner, markers discriminating between M1 and M2 macrophages of teleost fsh. We discuss the importance of our fndings for the evaluation of immunostimulants for aquaculture and for the identifcation of gene targets to generate transgenic zebrafsh for detailed studies on M1 and M2 macrophages. Above all, we discuss the striking degree of evolutionary conservation of macrophage polarization in a lower vertebrate. ; Tis work was supported by the European Commission under the 8th (H2020) Framework Program for Research and Technological Development of the European Union (PARAFISHCONTROL Grant No. 634429) and by the 7th Framework program [NEMO Grant No. PITN-GA-2008–214505]. ; Peer reviewed