Suchergebnisse

The article describes the role financial planning, in particular the role of multiannual financial forecasts, in the debt management process in the local government units. Theoretical and methodological considerations are supplemented by study of changes in budget categories related to local government debt, which took place between the multiannual financial forecasts prepared for the years 2013 and 2014. The analysis was performed for all units in general and more specifically for the voivodships. The article postulates that local authorities should ensure greater accuracy and continuity of their financial plans

W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano zmiany dotyczące obligacji nieskarbowych w Polsce, jakie wprowadziła nowelizacja ustawy o obligacjach z 2015 r., oraz podjęto próbę oceny ich ekonomicznych skutków. Nowa ustawa ma wspierać rozwój rynku opisywanych instrumentów finansowych. W tym celu wprowadzono m.in. nowe rodzaje obligacji – podporządkowane i wieczyste. Ponadto dokonano szeregu zmian mających na celu stworzenie warunków prawnych do rozwoju zdefiniowanych w prawie, ale nadal rzadko stosowanych obligacji przychodowych. W niniejszym artykule autor rozważa potencjalne ekonomiczne skutki dokonanych zmian.

Zaufanie do samorządu terytorialnego ma kluczowe znaczenie dla skuteczności podejmowanych przez jego jednostki działań w zakresie realizowania przypisanych zadań publicznych. W niniejszym artykule podjęto rozważania na temat zaufania do władzy, w tym do władzy samorządowej. Najważniejszy element opracowania stanowi jednak próba oceny poziomu zaufania do samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce. Pomiaru dokonano na trzy sposoby, analizując wyniki badań opinii publicznej, badając kształtowanie się frekwencji w wyborach samorządowych, a także wnioskując o jego poziomie na podstawie ratingów kredytowych uzyskanych przez jednostki samorządu. Każde z badań pokazało systematyczny wzrost zaufania od momentu przywrócenia samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce.

Motivation: There is a growing awareness of the impact that climate change is having on the world economy and the standards of living. Green bonds (GBs) are relatively new and innovative instruments on the financial market where the capitals are also invested in projects that generate environmental or climate benefits. The newness of this financial instrument could be the main reason behind the scarcity of scientific publications on green bonds; thus, it remains an undeveloped research area. One of the problems is also classifying securities as GBs. Therefore, it is exceedingly important to distinguish labelled green bonds and unlabelled climate-aligned bonds.Aim: In the article, the authors will present the evolution of the green bonds market and attempt to assess the observed and potential effects of green bonds' issuances, taking into account governments issues.Results: Green bonds are the next stage of market growth. In the article, the authors will present the benefits of green bonds and the positive impact that their issuance has on the issuer and on investors' image as socially responsible entities. Therefore, strong investor demand can lead to oversubscription. Thus, green bonds could be one of the easiest ways to attract investors and potentially increase issuance size which can contribute to lower costs of financing green public tasks.

Motivation: There is a growing awareness of the impact that climate change is having on the world economy and the standards of living. Green bonds (GBs) are relatively new and innovative instruments on the financial market where the capitals are also invested in projects that generate environmental or climate benefits. The newness of this financial instrument could be the main reason behind the scarcity of scientific publications on green bonds; thus, it remains an undeveloped research area. One of the problems is also classifying securities as GBs. Therefore, it is exceedingly important to distinguish labelled green bonds and unlabelled climate-aligned bonds.Aim: In the article, the authors will present the evolution of the green bonds market and attempt to assess the observed and potential effects of green bonds' issuances, taking into account governments issues.Results: Green bonds are the next stage of market growth. In the article, the authors will present the benefits of green bonds and the positive impact that their issuance has on the issuer and on investors' image as socially responsible entities. Therefore, strong investor demand can lead to oversubscription. Thus, green bonds could be one of the easiest ways to attract investors and potentially increase issuance size which can contribute to lower costs of financing green public tasks.

The aim of this article is to describe social impact bonds as an innovative instrument
for financing social services. The first part presents the nature of this solution in its
economic, institutional and legal aspects. Then we analyse the chances of social impact
bond development taking into account the labour market and the financial market. In
the next part, the authors present a proposal to use the model of social impact bonds in
employment support services. The summary is a critical analysis of the model, presenting
its weaknesses and relevant remedial strategies.

Znaczący w ostatnich latach wzrost zadłużenia polskich samorządów spowodował, że zarządzanie długiem stało się niezwykle istotnym elementem zarządzania finansami w jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego. Niezbędnym w tym procesie narzędziem jest obowiązkowa od 2010 r. wieloletnia prognoza finansowa. Począwszy od 2013 r., jednostki zobligowane zostały dodatkowo do raportowania w ujednoliconej formie swoich prognoz, które ostatecznie zostały zebrane i upublicznione w zbiorczym zestawieniu przez Ministerstwo Finansów. Dane te umożliwiły po raz pierwszy zbadanie tendencji w zarządzaniu długiem samorządowym w Polsce. W niniejszym artykule zbadano najważniejsze przejawy tego procesu, które zostały odzwierciedlone w planach finansowych jednostek. Przeanalizowano w szczególności wielkość planowanego zadłużenia oraz jego obsługę (w ujęciu bezwzględnym, jak i w relacji do dochodów jednostek), wskazano także na rozplanowanie spłaty długu w czasie oraz na wysokość jego kosztów.

Kredyt kupiecki stanowi istotny, chociaż, jak się wydaje, najmniej zbadany sposób finansowania przedsiębiorstw w Polsce. W niniejszym artykule autorzy analizują, jakie czynniki określają wybór kredytu kupieckiego przez przedsiębiorstwa w Polsce – jako źródła finansowania oraz sposobu tworzenia należności, a także diagnozują istnienie tzw. efektów indywidualnych, które różnicują poszczególne przedsiębiorstwa pod względem ogólnej skali zastosowania kredytu kupieckiego. Przeprowadzone przez autorów i opisane w tym artykule badania wskazują na zależność tych efektów za branży i struktury aktywów.

Community pharmacies are the primary entities providing drugs to individual patients in Poland. The pharmacy market has been changing for many years due to significant changes in market regulations. These changes significantly affect the profitability of pharmacies, which may impact the quality of pharmacotherapy. The small number of pharmacies, which resulted from changes in the law in 2017, can influence the level of patient care. The article presents the community pharmacies market in Poland. Particular attention is paid to the legal regulations affecting community pharmacies and the impact of these regulations on the overall shape of the market. The Polish system's specificity, including the pharmacy market indicators, has been compared with data from other European Union countries.

Abstract
Accomplishment of basic services implementation with specific quality is one of the main challenges of the command and communication systems for modern maritime safety and defense. The specificity of the marine environment imposes the use of narrowband HF (High Frequency) and VHF (Very High Frequency) radio communication devices which are capable to implement IP transmission. This paper presents the requirements for the HF and VHF radio systems according to the IP protocol requirements. At the beginning basic properties of narrowband HF and VHF waveforms in context of their operational scenarios has been described. Then results of experimental research (implementation of narrowband services — voice and data) has been presented. Finally further research directions with contribution of the authors, in NATO working groups related to the development of NBWF (Narrowband Waveform) for coalition communication has been presented.

Purpose – The purpose of the speech is to present the results of empirical verification of the occurrence of the political cycle in the property expenditures of cities with county rights. The timeliness of the topic and research objective undertaken is current challenges for local finance management under conditions of uncertainty, the results of national and international research to date, as well as the risks associated with various types of risk, including political risk. Research method – The realization of the objective will be based on the presentation of the most important issues of the subject literature and quantitative methods. For quantitative research, panel data analysis was used. In order to detect the existence of signs of the existence of a political cycle, a trend model of property expenditures with fixed effects was estimated (it was assumed a priori that units differ from each other). The source of the data is the budget reports published by the Ministry of Finance on the website of the Public Information Bulletin. Results – The results show that there is a political budget cycle in investment expenditures, which is strongly determined by the timing of local elections. Observations confirm that investment expenditures are strongly determined by the timing of local elections. The survey also showed an autocorrelation of property expenditures, which may indicate that the investments implemented by cities may be multi-year in nature. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The conducted analysis may be a stimulus for further research related to the effects of the political cycle and an attempt to identify the remaining political risk factors.