Suchergebnisse

American Crusade -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Christianity, Warfare, and National Identity, 1860-1920 -- 1. "The God of Justice Is the God of Battles": Northern White Protestants and the Civil War -- 2. "Heavy Is the Guilt That Hangs upon the Neck of This Nation": The African Methodist Episcopal Church and the Civil War -- 3. "A War of Mercy": White Mainline Protestants and the Spanish-American War -- 4. "I Look upon This War as an Impudent Crime": Roman Catholicism, Americanization, and the Spanish-American War -- 5. "A Louder Call for War": The Protestant Mainline and the Twentieth-Century Crusade -- 6. "There Will Be a Day of Reckoning for Our Country": Missouri Synod Lutherans Face World War I -- Conclusion: The Mere Echo of the Warring Masses -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W.

When is a war a holy crusade? And when does theology cause Christians to condemn violence? In American Crusade, Benjamin Wetzel argues that the Civil War, the Spanish-American War, and World War I shared a cultural meaning for white Protestant ministers in the United States, who considered each conflict to be a modern-day crusade. American Crusade examines the "holy war" mentality prevalent between 1860-1920, juxtaposing mainline Protestant support for these wars with more hesitant religious voices: Catholics, German-speaking Lutherans, and African-American Methodists. The specific theologies and social locations of these more marginal denominations made their ministries much more critical of the crusading mentality. Religious understandings of the nation, both in support of and opposed to armed conflict, played a major role in such ideological contestation. Wetzel's work questions traditional periodizations and suggests that these three wars should be understood as a unit. Grappling with the views of America's religious leaders, supplemented by those of ordinary people, provides a fresh way of understanding the three major American wars of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

Osmotic conditions play an important role in the cell properties of human red blood cells (RBCs), which are crucial for the pathological analysis of some blood diseases such as malaria. Over the past decades, numerous efforts have mainly focused on the study of the RBC biomechanical properties that arise from the unique deformability of erythrocytes. Here, we demonstrate nonlinear optical effects from human RBCs suspended in different osmotic solutions. Specifically, we observe self-trapping and scattering-resistant nonlinear propagation of a laser beam through RBC suspensions under all three osmotic conditions, where the strength of the optical nonlinearity increases with osmotic pressure on the cells. This tunable nonlinearity is attributed to optical forces, particularly the forward-scattering and gradient forces. Interestingly, in aged blood samples (with lysed cells), a notably different nonlinear behavior is observed due to the presence of free hemoglobin. We use a theoretical model with an optical force-mediated nonlocal nonlinearity to explain the experimental observations. Our work on light self-guiding through scattering bio-soft-matter may introduce new photonic tools for noninvasive biomedical imaging and medical diagnosis. ; Funding Agencies|NIH (USA); NSF (USA); ARO (USA); National Key R&D Program of China [2017YFA0303800]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [91750204, 11504184, 11604058]; NSERC; Canada Research Chair Program (Canada); Government of the Russian Federation through the ITMO Fellowship and Professorship Program [074-U 01]; 1000 Talents Sichuan Program in China