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Flashbulb memories are vivid, confidently held, long-lasting memories for the personal circumstances of learning about an important event. Importance is determined, in part, by social group membership. Events that are relevant to one's social group, and furthermore, are congruent with the prior beliefs of that group, should be more likely to be retained as flashbulb memories. The Fukushima nuclear disaster was relevant to ongoing political conversations in both Germany and the Netherlands, but, while the disaster was congruent with German beliefs about the dangers of nuclear energy, it was incongruent with Dutch support for nuclear power. Danish participants would not have found the disaster to be particularly relevant. Partially consistent with this prediction, across two samples (N = 265 and N = 518), German participants were most likely to have flashbulb memories for the Fukushima disaster. Furthermore, event features thought to be related to flashbulb memory formation (e.g. ratings of importance and consequentiality) also differed as a function of nationality. Spontaneously generated flashbulb memories for events other than Fukushima also suggested that participants reported events that were relevant to national identity (e.g. the Munich attacks for Germans, the Utøya massacre for Danes, and Malaysian Airlines flight MH-17 for Dutch participants).

Flashbulb memories are vivid, confidently held, long-lasting memories for the personal circumstances of learning about an important event. Importance is determined, in part, by social group membership. Events that are relevant to one's social group, and furthermore, are congruent with the prior beliefs of that group, should be more likely to be retained as flashbulb memories. The Fukushima nuclear disaster was relevant to ongoing political conversations in both Germany and the Netherlands, but, while the disaster was congruent with German beliefs about the dangers of nuclear energy, it was incongruent with Dutch support for nuclear power. Danish participants would not have found the disaster to be particularly relevant. Partially consistent with this prediction, across two samples (N = 265 and N = 518), German participants were most likely to have flashbulb memories for the Fukushima disaster. Furthermore, event features thought to be related to flashbulb memory formation (e.g. ratings of importance and consequentiality) also differed as a function of nationality. Spontaneously generated flashbulb memories for events other than Fukushima also suggested that participants reported events that were relevant to national identity (e.g. the Munich attacks for Germans, the Utøya massacre for Danes, and Malaysian Airlines flight MH-17 for Dutch participants). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)

This article presents two studies in which the psychometric properties and validity of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS) were further investigated. Results of the first study (N = 40) indicate that the GSS has reasonable internal consistency. Additionally, a modest, but
significant test-retest stability was found for the GSS. As to the association between suggestibility and self-reported cognitive efficiency (i.e., metacognition measures), scores on the Yield dimension of the GSS were positively and significantly related to scores on the Dissociation Experiences
Scale (DES), but not to scores on the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). In a second, experimental study (N = 53), evidence was found for the predictive validity of the GSS. In that study, subjects saw a slide series and were then confronted with leading questions about the critical
(emotional) slide. In addition, they completed the Yield scale of the GSS. A small but significant correlation was found between subjects' Yield scores on the GSS and their susceptibility to leading questions about the slide series.