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Research on couples' earnings arrangements has focused on men's and women's (non)conformance to the male-breadwinner/female-homemaker model. By doing so, research has ignored the following: Breadwinning can be a source of stress for men; the male-breadwinner/female-homemaker model does not apply to all racial groups; and the proportion of women in an occupation may moderate the stress process associated with divergent earnings arrangements. To address factors overlooked, I applied mixed-effects models to the 1999–2017 Panel Study of Income Dynamics data to examine the internalizing (psychological distress) and externalizing (heavy drinking) responses to stress among married, non-Hispanic white and Black men and women. Greater relative earnings reduce Black women's psychological distress and heavy drinking, but increase Black men's heavy drinking. Among white men, greater relative earnings reduce psychological distress and demonstrate a curvilinear relationship with heavy drinking, whereas no significant pattern emerges for white women. Occupational sex composition moderates these relationships. Among Black women, greater relative earnings lower psychological distress the most for those in women-concentrated occupations, and moving from economic dependency to equal breadwinning decreases heavy drinking the most for white men in men-concentrated occupations. Findings showcase the value of an intersectional approach to capture the diverse meanings associated with earnings arrangements.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entstehung und der Entwicklung krimi¬neller Karrieren vor dem Hintergrund der staatlichen strafrechtlichen Reaktion auf kriminelles Verhalten. Kernpunkt des Forschungsinteresses des Verfassers war dabei die Analyse der Auswirkungen der formellen Reaktion in Form einer Freiheitsstrafe auf den Verlauf einer kriminellen Karriere. Die Auswirkungen des strafrechtlichen Systems Chinas sollen in dieser Arbeit am Beispiel von Gefängnisinsassen empirisch erfasst und mit den bestehenden theoretischen Hypothesen und anderen empirischen Forschungen verglichen werden. Die Zielsetzung des Autors verspricht somit einen wichtigen Beitrag zur internationalen Karriereforschung, da diese in der westlichen Moderne entwickelten Hypothesen vor der politischen, ökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Entwicklung Chinas aus einer neuen Perspektive betrachtet und in einer andersartigen Umwelt angewandt werden. Der zweite Teil widmet sich als Kernstück der Arbeit der eigenen empirischen Untersuchung, in der Querschnittsdaten von einer Stichprobe Gefangener in 12 chinesischen Gefängnissen erhoben und analysiert wurden. Insgesamt wurden im Frühjahr 2006 in sieben Männer- und fünf Frauengefängnissen 1164 Gefangene befragt. Die Befragung der Probanden erfolgte mittels eines standardisierten Fragebogens, welcher für die Rückfälligen um einen Zusatzteil zu weiteren Verurteilungen ergänzt wurde. Die Daten wurden sodann im Hinblick auf die Rückfälligkeit meist in bivariater Form analysiert und teilweise einer multivariaten Auswertung in Form einer logistischen Regression zugeführt. Um die individuellen Besonderheiten und Prozesse erfassen zu können, führte der Verfasser zudem Interviews mit Betroffenen durch. Hinsichtlich der Aussagekraft der Untersuchung wird auf die Beschränkung auf die gerichtlich erfasste Kriminalität sowie die retrospektive Erhebung hingewiesen.

Reported for the first time are receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves constructed to describe the performance of a sorbent-coated disk, planar solid phase microextraction (PSPME) unit for non-contact sampling of a variety of volatiles. The PSPME is coupled to ion mobility spectrometers (IMSs) for the detection of volatile chemical markers associated with the presence of smokeless powders, model systems of explosives containing diphenylamine (DPA), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and nitroglycerin (NG) as the target analytes. The performance of the PSPME-IMS was compared with the widely accepted solid-phase microextraction (SPME), coupled to a GC-MS. A set of optimized sampling conditions for different volume containers (1–45 L) with various sample amounts of explosives, were studied in replicates (n = 30) to determine the true positive rates (TPR) and false positive detection rates (FPR) for the different scenarios. These studies were obtained in order to construct the ROC curves for two IMS instruments (a bench-top and field-portable system) and a bench top GC-MS system in low and high clutter environments. Both static and dynamic PSPME sampling were studied in which 10–500 mg quantities of smokeless powders were detected within 10 min of static sampling and 1 min of dynamic sampling.

The future of work is ambiguous at best. Despite widespread shifts to remote/hybrid work during the COVID-19 lockdown, there is a paucity of knowledge about changing job conditions in tandem with different work locales. Is the move to remote/hybrid work a disrupter or accentuator of existing norms and inequalities? Drawing on nationally representative, four-wave panel survey data (October 2020 to April 2022) collected from U.S. workers who spent at least some time working from home since the pandemic onset, we examine effects of within-person changes in where respondents work on changes in job conditions (psychological job demands, job control, coworker support, and monitoring). Estimates from fixed-effects models show that, compared with returning to working at work, ongoing remote and moving to hybrid work lead to greater reductions in psychological job demands, especially among older women and men. Black and Hispanic women moving back to the office experience the greatest loss of decision latitude and schedule control. While white workers see increased coworker support when returning to the office, returning Black and Hispanic men report a decline in coworker support. Family caregivers' job conditions do not improve whether remote/hybrid or returning to work. Qualitative data collected from Amazon Mechanic Turk illuminate mechanisms leading to salutary effects of remote work, but also the stress of combining jobs with family carework.

The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed where paid work is done. Workers able to do so have been required to work remotely. We draw on survey data collected in October 2020 from a nationally representative sample of 3,017 remote workers, as well as qualitative survey data collected from 231 remote workers, to examine perceived changes in work hours from before to during the pandemic. Results indicate women are at greater risk of change (either a major decrease or a major increase)—rather than stability—in work hours. Gender also intersects with caregiving, race/ethnicity, prior remote work experiences, and socioeconomic status to shape changes in hours. Women and men in the sandwich generation, as well as women (but not men) with pre-school children, are the most likely to report a decrease in work hours, whereas women with older children at home or caring for adults (but not both) are the most likely to have an increase in hours. Remote working Black women and women moving into remote work are more likely to experience a major increase in hours worked, even as Hispanic women and Black men are the most likely to report somewhat of a reduction in work hours. Gender also intersects with SES, such that women without a college degree are more likely to have a decrease in work hours, while women with an advanced degree and women managers report a considerable increase in work hours. Qualitative data further illuminate why work hours change or remain stable for remote workers during COVID-19.

We theorize a stress proliferation process whereby the stress of job precarity translates into the stress of work-to-family conflict (WFC). We test whether this process differs by gender and household income. Using four cross-sectional waves of the General Social Survey ( N = 2,340), we find a positive association between job insecurity and WFC for women but not men. Examined by household income levels, the association is found only for respondents in the lowest income tercile. Furthermore, gender intersects with household income to shape the stress proliferation process. While the insecurity–WFC relationship holds for women across all household income levels, for men this relationship shifts from positive for men in the lowest income tercile to negative for men in the highest income tercile. Our findings suggest that entrenched gendered expectations around work and family may lead women (regardless of household income) and lower-class men to be most vulnerable to stress proliferation.