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Two very different approaches are used to explore the relation between market orientation and gender wage differentials in international data. More market orientation might be related to gender wage gaps via its effects on competition in product and labor markets and the general absence of regulation in the economy. The first approach employs meta-analysis data and takes advantage of the fact that many studies already exist which use national data sources to the best possible extent. The second approach uses comparable micro data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), which allows calculating internationally consistent gender wage residuals in the first place. By comparing these two very different methods of data collection we get a robust result relating higher levels of market orientation as proxied by the Economic Freedom Index with lower gender wage gaps. -- gender wage gap ; competition ; market orientation

"Wenn Personen mit gleichen produktiven Merkmalen auf Grund ihrer unterschiedlichen demografischen Zugehörigkeit (Geschlecht, ethnische oder religiöse Zugehörigkeit, sexuelle Orientierung etc.) unterschiedliche Behandlung erfahren, so spricht man in der Ökonomie von Diskriminierung. In diesem Artikel werden drei Forschungsprojekte präsentiert, die in den letzten Jahren an der Universität Linz durchgeführt wurden und die die Diskriminierung gegenüber Frauen am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt sowie international untersuchen. Die ersten beiden Studien beschäftigten sich mit der Frage, ob Diskriminierung bei der Stellenbesetzung am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt existiert, wobei sich eine Untersuchung mit der Situation von Frauen allgemein, die andere mit der von Lesben im Speziellen auseinander setzt. Die dritte Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Lohnunterschieden zwischen Männern und Frauen weltweit und untersucht, inwieweit Gleichbehandlungsgesetzgebung sowie wirtschaftlicher Wettbewerb geschlechtsspezifische Diskriminierung beeinflussen." (Autorenreferat)

In this paper we experimentally test whether competing for a desired reward does not only affect individuals' performance, but also their tendency to cheat. Recent doping scandals in sports as well as forgery and plagiarism scandals in academia have been partially explained by "competitive pressures", which suggests a link between competition and cheating. In our experiment subjects conduct a task where they have the possibility to make use of illegitimate tools to better their results. We find that women react much stronger to competitive pressure by increasing their cheating activity while there is no overall sex difference in cheating. However, the effect of competition on women's cheating behavior is entirely due to the fact that women, on average, are doing worse with respect to the assigned task. Indeed we find that it is the ability of an individual to conduct a particular task and not sex that crucially affects the reaction to competition. Poor performers significantly increase their cheating behavior under competition which may be a face-saving strategy or an attempt to retain a chance of winning. -- Competition ; tournament ; piece rate ; cheating ; experiment

This paper evaluates the impact of economic and legal variables on wage differentials between men and women. Since Becker (1957) economists have argued that competitive markets eliminate discrimination in the long run. On the other hand, practically all countries have enacted some sort of law mandating equal treatment of men and women. This paper uses a new international data set on the gender wage gap, which is constructed via a meta-analysis of existing studies. The findings show that both increased competition and the enactment of equal treatment laws reduce the gender wage gap.

This paper evaluates the impact of economic and legal variables on wage differentials between men and women. Since Becker (1957) economists have argued that competitive markets eliminate discrimination in the long run. On the other hand, practically all countries have enacted some sort of law mandating equal treatment of men and women. This paper uses a new international data set on the gender wage gap, which is constructed via a meta-analysis of existing studies. The findings show that both increased competition and the enactment of equal treatment laws reduce the gender wage gap.

This paper evaluates the impact of economic and legal variables on wage differentials between men and women. Since Becker (1957) economists have argued that competitive markets eliminate discrimination in the long run. On the other hand, practically all countries have enacted some sort of law mandating equal treatment of men and women. This paper uses a new international data set on the gender wage gap, which is constructed via a metaanalysis of existing studies. The findings show that both increased competition and the enactment of equal treatment laws reduce the gender wage gap.