Suchergebnisse

Perceived to be substantially undervalued, the Chinese currency, the yuan, has attracted much attention in recent years, especially since the recession of 2008-2009. To remedy the situation, a proposal put forward recently by C. Fred Bergsten is noteworthy, for its impressive boldness in calling for drastic US policy actions, and for the potentially far-reaching impacts on the global rebalancing and recovery it may bring about. The purpose of this article is twofold: to assess the underlying analytical validity of this proposal and to explore its implications for the US, China and the rebalancing and recovery of the world economy. (GIGA/China)

It is argued in literature that two schools of thoughts might have been most relevant and influential to the policy formation and implementation in transition economies, with distinguishable economic and social outcomes. While Russia and some countries in the Central and Eastern Europe have commonly been perceived as the subscribers to 'the Washington consensus,' the transition practice in China is seen by some as a vindication of 'the evolutionary-institutionalist perspective.' This study attempts to assess the validity of this latter argument and, on that basis, to raise some analytical issues which may warrant further scholarly investigations. These include the role of the government in transition economies, the characteristics of China's 'gradualist' approach, the essence of an economic transition and the criteria for assessing its progress. For the benefit of a fruitful analysis, these issues need to be more carefully addressed.

1. Introduction. 1.1. Two-decade development: a brief account. 1.2. Economic transition and special economic zones. 1.3. The scope of the study -- 2. Why a special economic zone? 2.1. The Chinese economy in the pre-reform era: a historical background. 2.2. Issues brought to light in the pre-reform development. 2.3. Initiation of economic reform and opening-up policies -- 3. Establishment of special economic zones. 3.1. Formation of special economic zones. 3.2. Objectives and the economic structure of special economic zones. 3.3. Policies and regulations. 3.4. Prototype arrangement with foreign investor. 3.5. Development of infrastructure -- 4. The performance of special economic zones 4.1. Growth pattern and economic structure. 4.2. Utilization of foreign capital. 4.3. Labor employment and wages. 4.4. Productivity. 4.5. Foreign trade. 4.6. Standards of living -- 5. Impacts of special economic zones on the Chinese economy. 5.1. Gains from the special economic zones. 5.2. Promoting regional development. 5.3. Opening of the economy. 5.4. Economic reforms -- 6. Special economic zones in the 1990s: the Pudong new area. 6.1. Establishment of Pudong new area. 6.2. Infrastructure development and financing. 6.3. Foreign investment. 6.4. Pattern of trade. 6.5. Emergence of non-state sector. 6.6. Economic growth and structural changes. 7. Policy lessons and concluding remarks. 7.1. Factors required for a successful special economic zone operation. 7.2. Links between special economic zone and domestic economy. 7.3. Special economic zone and economic transition.

Abstract. There are numerous influencing factors of the risk consequences
of dam break. The scientific and reasonable index system and its weight
distribution are some of the key elements for comprehensive evaluation of the
dam break risk. Taking into consideration 20 factors, including hazards,
exposure and vulnerability, the evaluation index system of the
consequences of dam break risk is constructed. Using the Statistical
Cloud Model (SCM)
to improve the entropy method, we establish the weight
calculation model of the influencing factors of dam break risk
consequences. The results shows that the top five factors with the highest
weight are risk population, flood intensity, alert time, risk understanding
and distance from the dam. Compared to traditional algebraic weight
calculation methods, the result is basically consistent with the algebraic
weight distribution, and increases the range by 2.03 times, supporting a more
scientific basis for recognizing and evaluating dam break risk
consequences.