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AbstractAlthough quantity discount policies have been extensively analyzed, they are not well understood when there are many different buyers. This is especially the case when buyers face price‐sensitive demand. In this paper we study a supplier's optimal quantity discount policy for a group of independent and heterogeneous retailers, when each retailer faces a demand that is a decreasing function of its retail price. The problem is analyzed as a Stackelberg game whereby the supplier acts as the leader and buyers act as followers. We show that a common quantity discount policy that is designed according to buyers' individual cost and demand structures and their rational economic behavior is able to significantly stimulate demand, improve channel efficiency, and substantially increase profits for both the supplier and buyers. Furthermore, we show that the selection of all‐units or incremental quantity discount policies has no effect on the benefits that can be obtained from quantity discounts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005

This paper examines the monetary sterilization mechanism of the Singapore economy. We argue that, in the absence of a well-developed open financial market, the Central Provident Fund (CPF) has in fact played a role as a quasi-market mechanism in sterilizing the effect of foreign-exchange assets inflow. Using the error-correction-mechanism (ECM) approach, we model the implicit monetary sterilization mechanism and estimate the offset coefficient between the net-domestic-credit component and the net-foreign-asset component of the monetary base. The estimated ECM regression coefficient suggests that monetary sterilization in Singapore is nearly perfect for the 1984–1995 period. The estimates of other macroeconomic relations also support the hypothesis of the quasi-market monetary sterilization mechanism.

This paper attempts to provide a new explanation of the huge trade deficit of US against Japan based on an analysis of different strategic behaviours between US firms and Japanese firms. More specifically, we intend to answer the following questions: (1) How do business culture and institutional arrangements affect a firm's strategic behaviour? (2) Who will be the winner when a profit-maximizer meets a revenue-maximizer under a simple duopolistic competition framework? (3) What are the policy implications of this analytical framework for the US-Japan bilateral trade? Why does the trade friction cyclically occur between two countries? Using a simple Cournot (quantity adjustment) model for a duopolistic market, we show that a revenue-maximizer will be the winner when it meets a profit-maximizer; that is, it will obtain a larger market share and a higher profit [i.e., in our terminology, the revenue-maximizer dominance hypothesis].

Strategic entrepreneurship (SE) has attracted increased research attention, given its dual focus on creating competitive advantage and exploiting new opportunities. While research interest in SE has grown at a rapid pace in the past two decades, understanding of its microfoundations is limited. This conceptual paper contributes to the development of understating from a middle management perspective. It argues that middle managers' five strategic roles serve as the microfoundations to firm's SE. It also drills down to explore individual differences as antecedents in shaping these roles. This paper develops a research framework along with fine-grained propositions, aimed to shed light on future research and implications for practice.

We investigated the relationships among the severity of negative emotional response, personality, and coping style of adults affected by the Wenchuan earthquake. Participants completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, the Coping Style Questionnaire, and the Mental Health Scale
2 weeks after the earthquake. Most survivors in the high negative emotion group suffered property damage, saw corpses, had relatives who were killed, or witnessed houses collapsing. Compared with the low negative emotional response group, the high negative emotional response group demonstrated
more prominent openness to fantasy, excitement seeking, tender-mindedness, and openness to feelings, and less prominent gregariousness, compliance, competence, deliberation, and optimism. Further, people in the high negative emotional response group tended to use the coping styles of avoiding
problems, fantasizing, self-blaming, and asking for help. The traits of openness to fantasy and optimism and the coping styles of problem avoidance and self-blame predicted whether individuals experienced high or low negative emotional response. These findings can help governing authorities
to make a timely intervention after a natural disaster in order to reduce the effects of negative emotional response for earthquake survivors.