Suchergebnisse

This article traces the activities of Ma Dexin, a preeminent Hui Muslim scholar and grand imam (akhund) who played a leading role in the Muslim uprising in Yunnan (1856–1873). Ma harshly criticized Shi'ism and its followers, the shaykhs, in the Sufi orders in China. The intolerance of orthodox Sunnis toward Shi'ism can be explained in part by the marginalization of Hui Muslims in China and their attempts to unite and defend themselves in a society dominated by Han Chinese. An analysis of the Sunni opposition to Shi'ism that was led by Akhund Ma Dexin and the Shi'a sect's influence among the Sufis in China help us understand the ways in which global debates in Islam were articulated on Chinese soil.

The Muslims who live in the Yunnan province of China strive to follow the principles advocated in the Quran, while living as a minority in a non-Islamic society. Yet the cultural mainstream of contemporary Chinese life often clashes with the core beliefs of the Islamic tradition. Therefore, the Yunnanese Muslims frequently face political pressures as they try to maintain their distinct Islamic way of life. This paper investigates the methods that Yunnanese Musilims employ to confront an adverse, political environment. Particularly their use of the values of peace and justice.

The Chinese government has issued a new "Plastic Restriction Ban" requiring that, by the end of 2020, the food and beverage industry across the country bans the use of single-use, nondegradable plastic drinking straws. The governance of plastic drinking straws is a multi-dimensional and complex process. Therefore, based on the heterogeneity of consumers, this paper constructs a tripartite game model (the government, retailers, and consumers) for the governance of plastic drinking straws in China. Under this model, this research derives an optimal strategy in both monopoly and competitive markets, assuming the government has access to two policy tools, fines and subsidies. The research results suggest the following. (1) In monopoly markets, when (a) the fine or subsidy fee is high or (b) the fine or subsidy fee is low and the number of environment-conscious consumers is high, retailers are more inclined to provide biodegradable drinking straws. (2) Consumer heterogeneity has a certain impact on policy results; when there are enough environment-conscious consumers, policy costs can be reduced. (3) For high-quality products, the policy costs in competitive markets is lower than in monopoly markets; for low-quality products, the policy costs in competitive markets is higher than in monopoly markets. Based on the conclusions, this work suggests the government should focus on cultivating consumers' environmental awareness and tighter control of products quality, in addition to the two policy tools, i.e., fines and subsidies, because these can reduce policy costs. Consumers should be aware of their own importance to China's Plastic Drinking Straws Ban and adopt a refusal to accept plastic drinking straws and reduce the consumption of disposable plastics to support the policy. Retailers should also realize that proactively catering to consumer and government expectations can bring higher benefits to themselves; this can be achieved by providing high-quality biodegradable straws to support China's Plastic Drinking Straws Ban. The model of this work could be applied to other corporate activities related to sustainability, such as plastic bags, plastic bottles, etc., and their connection to government policies.

Introduction -- Part Ⅰ. Fundamental Issues of Disaster Recovery in Asia -- Chapter 1. Defining and Refining "Build Back Better" -- Chapter 2. A Major Legal Issue in the Post-Wenchuan Earthquake Restoration and Reconstruction: From the Perspective of "Property Donation" in Beichuan Old County -- Chapter 3. Balancing of the State Responsibility for Safety and Disaster Victims' Right of Reconstruction: A Lesson from the Great East Japan Earthquake Recovery -- Chapter 4. Accountability for Disaster-Related Aid: The Case of the Yolanda/Haiyan Donations -- PartⅡ. Means of Disaster Recovery: Lessons from Japan -- Chapter 5. Livelihood Reconstruction in the Devastated Areas Nine Years After the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami -- Chapter 6. Lessons from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in terms of "Build Back Better" -- Chapter 7. Toward a Long-term Economic Damage Reduction from an Urban Disaster: Lessons from the 1995 Hanshin Awaji Earthquake -- Chapter 8. Employment Recovery in Post-Tsunami East Japan -- Chapter 9. Community Recovery: Observation of Gathering Spaces in 2011 GEJET Affected Areas -- Chapter10. Psychosocial Recovery of Foreign Residents in Post-Tsunami East Japan: A Case Study on Filipino Wives in Ofunato, Iwate -- Part Ⅲ. Comparative Approach to BBB in Disaster Recovery -- Chapter 11. On Observing the Recovery of 2015 Gorkha Earthquake in Nepal -- Chapter 12. Build Back Better in the Bangladesh Context -- Chapter 13. Post Disaster Recovery in Myanmar: BBB after the Cyclone Nargis.