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EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP IS UNDERDEVELOPED AND REQUIRES FOR ITS ENTRENCHMENT A GREATER RANGE OF ADVOCATES AND EVIDENCE OF ITS UTILITY. THIS ARTICLE ANALYZES THE LOBBYING UNDERTAKEN BY NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGO'S) IN FOUR CASE STUDY DIRECTIVES IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH WHETHER SUCH ORGANIZATIONS CAN AFFECT POLICY OUTCOMES AND THUS SERVE AS CREDIBLE AMBASSADORS FOR EUROPEAN UNION (EU) CITIZENSHIP. IT ARGUES THAT SUCH IS IN FACT THE CASE, BUT THAT LOBBYING SUCCESS DEPENDS ON MEMBERSHIP OF FAST-CHANGING AND ISSUE-SPECIFIC ALLIANCES USUALLY CONSTRUCTED ON AN AD HOC BASIS--"POLICY COALITIONS." THE ARTICLE SETS OUT A MODEL OF THE LATTER, CONTRASTING IT WITH SABATIER'S MODEL OF THE ADVOCACY COALITION WHICH APPEARS UNABLE ENTIRELY TO ENCAPSULATE THE ENTREPRENEURIAL DYNAMICS OF EU DECISION-MAKING.

This text offers a concise and accessible introduction for students new to the study of the European Union. It offers an up-to-date guide to the major issues and areas of debate.

This book comprehensively reviews one of the most salient on-going debates at the heart of the EU today, democratic reform. It provides an evaluation of how democracy might best be defined in the transnational context of the EU and explores the key strategies that have been deployed to enhance the EU's democracy.

Preface -- 1. Understanding Flexible Integration in the European Union -- 2. Theorizing Flexibility--The Return of Functionalism? -- 3. "Closer Cooperation"--Flexibility from Amsterdam to Nice -- 4. Problems of Flexibility -- 5. Making Flexibility Work.

Understanding the institutions of the European Union is vital to understanding how it functions. This book provides students with an introduction to the main institutions and explains their different roles in a user friendly format.

This article argues that European Union Studies (EUS) provides a useful resource for scholars engaged in the rethinking of international relations in the era of an emerging global polity which has been neglected for reasons of what might be called discipline blindness. More precisely, my claim is that EUS can help IR scholars ask new and useful questions about the nature, development and functioning of the emerging global polity. This is because EUS has already drawn on, and adapted, comparative politics to produce a significant body of work which can act as a transmission belt for ideas, concepts and approaches between the study of 'domestic politics' and the study of 'international relations', and thus begin to show IR scholars how these tools can be adapted and used to study politics in post- and transnational contexts.