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Cover -- Half-Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Series Editor's Foreword -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I: Encounters -- 1. Towards an Ethics of Transnational Encounters, or ""When"" Does a ""Chinese"" Woman Become a ""Feminist""? -- 2. Making Sense in Chinese ""Feminism"" !Women's Studies -- 3. International Conferences as Sites for Transnational Feminist Struggles: The Case of the First International Conference on Women in Africa and the African Diaspora -- Part II: Dialogues

Discusses the process of adaptation to competitive party politics undertaken by former communist parties of East-Central Europe, focusing on structural factors. It is contended that success in adapting to changed circumstances was partly due to the organizational strength & leadership skills inherited from their communist past, as well as weakness of their social-democratic rivals. The factionalized nature of these parties eased the adaptation process by shifting the balance of power to the preexisting reform factions. The search for a refashioned identity not only involved a name change but also the disbanding of militias, discontinuing the traditional practice of workplace organization, setting goals/policies consistent with formerly abhorred social democracy, & seeking accreditation from the Socialist International. The evolution of the ruling communist parties is viewed from a broader European context as well as a historical perspective of the rivalry between communism & social democracy. 1 Table, 33 References. J. Lindroth

The wave of radicalism that swept through Europe starting in the late 1960s did not pass the communist parties by, but struck them with particular force. Evidence of this impact can be found in a study of the social composition of congress delegates, & from recent accounts of the experiences of the communist parties during the 1970s. The story of this trauma over one decade requires rethinking the notion of Eurocommunism, leading to recognition of a distinction between a process of modernization, on which many communist parties have embarked in the postwar period, particularly since 1956, & a "new member" factor that characterized the radical surge of the 1970s. This factor brought a new style of militancy into the communist parties that challenged their traditional norms. This radicalism raised the fortunes of the communist parties during the 1970s, but it also brought about the crisis of the end of the decade. However, it has also provided the ideas & the forces for possible new strategies. 2 Tables, 5 Figures. Modified HA

THIS ARTICLE REPORTS ON THE FACT THAT AS THE COMMUNIST PARTIES OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY COUNTRIES PREPARED FOR THE JUNE ELECTIONS TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT THEY HAD A NUMBER OF REASONS FOR CONCERN. IT EXPLORES THESE REASONS AND CONTINUES ON TO THE ONE CONSOLING FACTOR WHICH HELPED TO OFFSET THE REASONS. IN THIS ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN ELECTIONS THE RESULTS ARE FIRST TREATED, AFTER WHICH THE NEW EUROPEAN ALIGNMENTS WILL BE EXAMINED

The wave of radicalism that swept through Europe from the late 1960s did not pass the communist parties by but struck them with particular force. Evidence of this impact can be found in a study of the social composition of congress delegates, and from recent accounts of the experiences of the communist parties during the 1970s. (Abstract amended)

This volume, Why Europe? Problems of Culture and Identity: Political and Historical Dimensions , addresses a range of issues which underlie the notions of European identity. Among them are: what does it mean to be a European? What ideologies have shaped the political debate over the last two centuries? What place will minorities find in the Europe of the twenty-first century? What roles will women play in the future communities? Will Europe become more open to diversity, or become increasingly introspective, a 'fortress Europe'?.

There were multiple waves of influenza-like illness in 1918, the last of which resulted in a highly lethal pandemic killing 50 million people. It is difficult to study the initial waves of influenza-like illness in early 1918 because few deaths resulted and few morbidity records exist. Using extant military mortality records, we constructed mortality maps based on location of burial in France and Belgium in the British Army, and on home town in Vermont and New York in the USA Army. Differences between early and more lethal later waves in late 1918 were consistent with historical descriptions in France. The maps of Vermont and New York support the hypothesis that previous exposure may have conferred a degree of protection against subsequent infections; soldiers from rural areas, which were likely to have experienced less mixing than soldiers from urban areas, were at higher risk of mortality. Differences between combat and disease mortality in 1918 were consistent with limited influenza virus circulation during the early 1918 wave. We suggest that it is likely that more than one influenza virus was circulating in 1918, which might help explain the higher mortality rates in those unlikely to have been infected in early 1918.

There were multiple waves of influenza-like illness in 1918, the last of which resulted in a highly lethal pandemic killing 50 million people. It is difficult to study the initial waves of influenza-like illness in early 1918 because few deaths resulted and few morbidity records exist. Using extant military mortality records, we constructed mortality maps based on location of burial in France and Belgium in the British Army, and on home town in Vermont and New York in the USA Army. Differences between early and more lethal later waves in late 1918 were consistent with historical descriptions in France. The maps of Vermont and New York support the hypothesis that previous exposure may have conferred a degree of protection against subsequent infections; soldiers from rural areas, which were likely to have experienced less mixing than soldiers from urban areas, were at higher risk of mortality. Differences between combat and disease mortality in 1918 were consistent with limited influenza virus circulation during the early 1918 wave. We suggest that it is likely that more than one influenza virus was circulating in 1918, which might help explain the higher mortality rates in those unlikely to have been infected in early 1918.

AIMS. Understanding the time-course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the underlying events, may help to identify those most at risk, and anticipate the number of individuals likely to be diagnosed after exposure to traumatic events. METHOD. Data from two health surveys were combined to create a cohort of 1119 Australian military personnel who deployed to the Middle East between 2000 and 2009. Changes in PTSD Checklist Civilian Version (PCL-C) scores and the reporting of stressful events between the two self-reported surveys were assessed. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between the number of stressful events reported and PTSD symptoms, and assess whether those who reported new stressful events between the two surveys, were also more likely to report older events. We also assessed, using linear regression, whether higher scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale or the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test were associated with subsequent increases in the PCL-C in those who had experienced a stressful event, but who initially had few PTSD symptoms. RESULTS. Overall, the mean PCL-C scores in the two surveys were similar, and 78% of responders stayed in the same PCL-C category. Only a small percentage moved from having few symptoms of PTSD (PCL-C < 30) in Survey 1 to meeting the criteria for PTSD (PCL-C ≥ 50) at Survey 2 (1% of all responders, 16% of those with PCL-C ≥ 50 at Survey 2). Personnel who reported more stressful lifetime events were more likely to score higher on the PCL-C. Only 51% reported the same stressful event on both surveys. People who reported events occurring between the two surveys were more likely to record events from before the first survey which they had not previously mentioned (OR 1.48, 95% CI (1.17, 1.88), p < 0.001), than those who did not. In people who initially had few PTSD symptoms, a higher level of psychological distress, was significantly associated with higher PCL-C scores a few years later. CONCLUSIONS. The reporting of ...

The reasons for the unprecedented mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic remain poorly understood. We examined morbidity records from three military cohorts from years prior to and during the 1918 pandemic period to assess the effects of previous respiratory illnesses on experiences during the pandemic. Clinical registers and morbidity lists were examined to identify all medical encounters for acute respiratory illnesses in students at two U.S. military officer training academies and Australian soldiers deployed in Europe. Influenza-like illness prior to the major pandemic wave of 1918 predisposed Australian soldiers [relative risk (RR) 1·37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·18–1·60, P < 0·0001] and US officer trainees at West Point (RR 3·10, 95% CI 2·13–4·52, P < 0·0001) and Annapolis (RR 2·03, 95% CI 1·65–2·50, P < 0·0001) to increased risks of medically treated illnesses in late 1918. The findings suggest that susceptibility to and/or clinical expressions of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus depended on previous experiences with respiratory infectious agents. The findings are consistent with observations during the 2009 pandemic in Canada and may reflect antibody-dependent enhancement of influenza infection.