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The article presents the opinion of Lithuanian civil servants on the need for the ongoing national civil service reform. Detailed assessment of reform content is presented with the highlight on respondents' attitude towards different aspects of reform ( in the areas of civil servants recruitment, work organization of selection committees, career management, change of leadership roles, performance evaluation). According to the distribution of respondents' answers, the article also reviews the areas where political connections are used the most, and analyses possible changes of the relationship between top-level civil servants and politicians in the process of ongoing reforms. The article is based on the data of quantitative survey carried out on April – May 2011 and qualitative research with top-level public officials and politicians. During the research a questionnaire survey of civil servants was carried out with 400 respondents in total. Moreover, 50 top-level public officials and politicians were interviewed. ; Straipsnyje, remiantis 2011 m. balandžio–gegužės mėnesį atlikta reprezentatyvia Lietuvos valstybės tarnautojų apklausa ir kokybiniu tyrimu, aptariamas valstybės tarnautojų požiūris į vykdomos valstybės tarnybos reformos poreikį, nurodomas apibendrintas reformos turinio vertinimas, pateikiant respondentų požiūrį į atskirus įgyvendinamos reformos aspektus. Taip pat apžvelgiamos sritys, kuriose, remiantis respondentų atsakymų pasiskirstymu, labiausiai naudojamasi politiniais ryšiais, analizuojami aukščiausiųjų valstybės tarnautojų ir politikų santykių galimi pokyčiai vykdomų reformų procese.

The article presents the opinion of Lithuanian civil servants on the need for the ongoing national civil service reform. Detailed assessment of reform content is presented with the highlight on respondents' attitude towards different aspects of reform ( in the areas of civil servants recruitment, work organization of selection committees, career management, change of leadership roles, performance evaluation). According to the distribution of respondents' answers, the article also reviews the areas where political connections are used the most, and analyses possible changes of the relationship between top-level civil servants and politicians in the process of ongoing reforms. The article is based on the data of quantitative survey carried out on April – May 2011 and qualitative research with top-level public officials and politicians. During the research a questionnaire survey of civil servants was carried out with 400 respondents in total. Moreover, 50 top-level public officials and politicians were interviewed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.11.3.2505 ; Straipsnyje, remiantis 2011 m. balandžio–gegužės mėnesį atlikta reprezentatyvia Lietuvos valstybės tarnautojų apklausa ir kokybiniu tyrimu, aptariamas valstybės tarnautojų požiūris į vykdomos valstybės tarnybos reformos poreikį, nurodomas apibendrintas reformos turinio vertinimas, pateikiant respondentų požiūrį į atskirus įgyvendinamos reformos aspektus. Taip pat apžvelgiamos sritys, kuriose, remiantis respondentų atsakymų pasiskirstymu, labiausiai naudojamasi politiniais ryšiais, analizuojami aukščiausiųjų valstybės tarnautojų ir politikų santykių galimi pokyčiai vykdomų reformų procese.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.11.3.2505

In the last decade of twentieth century the third wave of democratization caused transition in many of Sub-Saharan African countries. This research studies the role of Tanzania's and Zambia's political parties along with the effectiveness of democracy and institutionalization process in transition. The transition of African countries is not a fast overturning process. Today most of those countries stay in the frame of the second (transformation) and the third (democratic consolidation) levels of transition. The results of institutionalization research of party system showed that Tanzania's party system is assigned to medium level of institutionalization and pertain to transitional stage. Zambia's party system is assigned to medium-low level of institutionalization and pertain to the category of weakly formed party system. Tanzania and Zambia have not reached the full democratic consolidation yet. Therefore democracy process slowup reasons put the countries in the semi-democracy and grey zone category.

In the last decade of twentieth century the third wave of democratization caused transition in many of Sub-Saharan African countries. This research studies the role of Tanzania's and Zambia's political parties along with the effectiveness of democracy and institutionalization process in transition. The transition of African countries is not a fast overturning process. Today most of those countries stay in the frame of the second (transformation) and the third (democratic consolidation) levels of transition. The results of institutionalization research of party system showed that Tanzania's party system is assigned to medium level of institutionalization and pertain to transitional stage. Zambia's party system is assigned to medium-low level of institutionalization and pertain to the category of weakly formed party system. Tanzania and Zambia have not reached the full democratic consolidation yet. Therefore democracy process slowup reasons put the countries in the semi-democracy and grey zone category.

In the last decade of twentieth century the third wave of democratization caused transition in many of Sub-Saharan African countries. This research studies the role of Tanzania's and Zambia's political parties along with the effectiveness of democracy and institutionalization process in transition. The transition of African countries is not a fast overturning process. Today most of those countries stay in the frame of the second (transformation) and the third (democratic consolidation) levels of transition. The results of institutionalization research of party system showed that Tanzania's party system is assigned to medium level of institutionalization and pertain to transitional stage. Zambia's party system is assigned to medium-low level of institutionalization and pertain to the category of weakly formed party system. Tanzania and Zambia have not reached the full democratic consolidation yet. Therefore democracy process slowup reasons put the countries in the semi-democracy and grey zone category.

In the context of traditional public administration, there is a concept known as "good admi-nistration". Good administration is understood primarily as a professional and ethical civil ser-vants' activity. However, "good administration" is more of a subject of public or administrative law, which shows an important but relatively narrow aspect of public governance. The aim of this article is to analyze the latest concepts of public governance and to evaluate their adaptability in analysis of civil service reforms. Such adaptability is relevant because the concepts of public governance reveal the most important attitudes of contemporary public administration, primarily in a normative sense. The aim of the article is met by analyzing the latest scientific literature on public governance, evaluating the place and weight of good governance and participatory governance in the concepts of public governance, and discussing the concepts of good governance developed by international organizations. After highlighting the major features and characteristics of the concepts of public governance, the article analyses their adaptability in analysis of civil service reforms.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.10.1.226 ; Šio straipsnio tikslas - išanalizuoti naujausias viešojo valdymo koncepcijas ir įvertinti jų pritaikomumą tiriant valstybės tarnybos reformas. Toks pritaikomumas yra aktualus, kadangi viešojo valdymo perspektyva atskleidžia šiuolaikinio viešojo administravimo esmines nuostatas, pirmiausia normatyvine prasme. Straipsnyje skiriamos "gero administravimo" ir "gero valdymo" sąvokos, tariant, kad geras administravimas pirmiausia suprantamas kaip profesionalus ir etiškai nepriekaištingas valstybės tarnautojų darbas ir yra daugiau viešosios ar administracinės teisės objektas, atskleidžiantis svarbų, bet palyginti siaurą viešojo valdymo aspektą. Straipsnio tikslą siekiama įgyvendinti analizuojant naujausią mokslinę literatūrą viešojo valdymo tematika, įvertinant gero valdymo ir dalyvavimu grįsto valdymo vietą ir svarbą ...

In the context of traditional public administration, there is a concept known as "good admi-nistration". Good administration is understood primarily as a professional and ethical civil ser-vants' activity. However, "good administration" is more of a subject of public or administrative law, which shows an important but relatively narrow aspect of public governance. The aim of this article is to analyze the latest concepts of public governance and to evaluate their adaptability in analysis of civil service reforms. Such adaptability is relevant because the concepts of public governance reveal the most important attitudes of contemporary public administration, primarily in a normative sense. The aim of the article is met by analyzing the latest scientific literature on public governance, evaluating the place and weight of good governance and participatory governance in the concepts of public governance, and discussing the concepts of good governance developed by international organizations. After highlighting the major features and characteristics of the concepts of public governance, the article analyses their adaptability in analysis of civil service reforms.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.10.1.226