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The article discusses Article 42(7) of the Treaty on European Union and the principle of mutual defence in general in the EU. Most EU member states base their defence policy around NATO, and thus, there has historically been little appetite to create new overlapping structures for mutual defence. However, during recent years, interest in the further operationalisation and clarification of Article 42(7) has arisen, with the European Parliament and member states such as Finland and France at the forefront of these demands. While the EU's mutual defence is not going to replace or overtake NATO as the cornerstone of Europe's security order, further developing the Common Security and Defence Policy and the EU's mutual defence policy would be beneficial for Europe as a whole.

Globalisation poses significant challenges, but the EU has the economic power to use the process to its benefit. While technological innovation may be disrupting the traditional understanding of labour and the free market, and of international cooperation more generally, it represents an opportunity for the EU to become a global leader. The EU should continue its efforts to provide citizens with the skills they need for the future and to promote research and development. By remaining competitive and ensuring a stable geographical environment, the EU will be able to shape globalisation to its benefit.