Suchergebnisse

Smallholder farmers are critically important for global food security and global land use, as they represent 80% of the world's farmers, provide an estimated 80% of food consumed in developing countries and occupy much of the world's farmland. However, unless adaptation measures are quickly put in place, climate change will have significant impacts on smallholder agricultural production and livelihoods, with important ramifications for global food security. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (defined as the use of ecosystem services and biodiversity as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people adapt to the effects of climate change) is one approach that could help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, as part of a broader adaptation strategy. To date, there is little information on what Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) options are feasible for smallholder farmers, how effective these options are, and what the opportunities and constraints are for scaling up its use. Using a combination of detailed household surveys, field characterizations and expert interviews from three countries (Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras), we identify EbA options that are appropriate for smallholder coffee and maize/bean farmers in Central America, examine the relative advantages and drawbacks of different EbA practices in coffee and basic grain smallholder farming systems, and compare the effectiveness of different EbA approaches for reducing farmer vulnerability to extreme weather events. We also examine the key technical, policy and financial constraints that currently prevent broad scale adoption of EbA practices across the region. Our study highlights that many smallholder coffee and bean/maize farmers in Central America are already adopting EbA practices (such as shade coffee, soil conservation practices, live fences and other agroforestry practices) and are generally aware of the relative benefits or drawbacks of different practices, but that the lack of extension services, financial incentives and policies favouring the use of EbA currently constrain broad-scale adoption. (Texte intégral)

In many regions, climate change is having significant adverse impacts on the agricultural production and livelihoods of smallholder farmers, with important consequences for global food security. Helping smallholder farmers adapt to climate change has therefore become a priority for many of donors and governments. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA, defined as the use of ecosystem services and biodiversity as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people adapt to the effects of climate change) is one approach that could help smallholder farmers, yet there is still limited knowledge on whether EbA can meet the adaptation needs of smallholder farmers. Here, we provide an overview of what EbA means in the context of smallholder agricultural production. Drawing on expert surveys, field work and household surveys of smallholder coffee and subsistence farmers in Central America, we provide examples of EbA strategies that are suitable for smallholder farmers, characterize how farmers are implementing these strategies, and provide insights into the perceived advantages and drawbacks of different practices for reducing farmer vulnerability. Our study highlights that many agricultural practices that smallholder farmers already use (e.g., agroforestry systems, soil conservation practices, live fences) can be considered EbA, as they are based on the management of biodiversity and ecosystem services and t help and enhance the resilience of agricultural systems. Most smallholder farmers are aware of the relative benefits of EbA practices, but also acknowledge important constraints, such as the cost of setting up the practices and maintenance, andlimited financial, technical and political support. Scaling up the use of EbA through targeted government policies, extension services and farmer programs could not only help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, but also ensure healthy, sustainable agroecosystems that sustain local livelihoods.

In many regions, climate change is having significant adverse impacts on the agricultural production and livelihoods of smallholder farmers, with important consequences for global food security. Helping smallholder farmers adapt to climate change has therefore become a priority for many of donors and governments. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA, de!ned as the use of ecosystem services and biodiversity as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people adapt to the effects of climate change) is one approach that could help smallholder farmers, yet there is still limited knowledge on whether EbA can meet the adaptation needs of smallholder farmers. Here, we provide an overview of what EbA means in the context of smallholder agricultural production. Drawing on expert surveys, !eld work and household surveys of smallholder co"ee and subsistence farmers in Central America, we provide examples of EbA strategies that are suitable for smallholder farmers, characterize how farmers are implementing these strategies, and provide insights into the perceived advantages and drawbacks of different practices for reducing farmer vulnerability. Our study highlights that many agricultural practices that smallholder farmers already use (e.g., agroforestry systems, soil conservation practices, live fences) can be considered EbA, as they are based on the management of biodiversity and ecosystem services and t help and enhance the resilience of agricultural systems. Most smallholder farmers are aware of the relative benefits of EbA practices, but also acknowledge important constraints, such as the cost of setting up the practices and maintenance, and limited financial, technical and political support. Scaling up the use of EbA through targeted government policies, extension services and farmer programs could not only help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, but also ensure healthy, sustainable agroecosystems that sustain local livelihoods.