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This report is in accordance with the regulation EU 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land-use, land-use change, and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU. The report gives a description of the accounting for greenhouses gasses related to forestry. The perspective on sustainable forest management is described by forest regulation and policies as well as by giving a overview of key indicators for sustainable forest management in Denmark. The main product is the Forest Reference Level, based on the requirements given in the Regulation (EU 2018) and based on the available data. The Forest Reference Level is hereby a prediction of the expected emissions/uptake by the forests of Denmark in the period 2021-2030, based on the data from the reference period 2000-2009. This will subsequently be utilized as baseline (reference level) for the Danish accounting for forests. The report is produced by the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management (IGN) as part of the SINKS2 project, funded by The Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate, Denmark and for the same ministry. Final version by 31st of January 2019.

Preface This report is in accordance with the regulation EU 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land-use, land-use change, and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU. The report provide a description of the accounting for greenhouse gasses related to forestry. The perspective on sustainable forest management is described by forest regulation and policies, as well as by providing an overview of key indicators for sustainable forest management in Denmark. The main product is the Forest Reference Level, based on the requirements given in the Regulation (EU 2018) and based on the available data. The Forest Reference Level is hereby a prediction of the expected emissions/uptake by the forests of Denmark in the period 2021-2030, based on the data from the reference period 2000-2009. This will subsequently be utilised as baseline (reference level) for the Danish accounting for forests. The report is produced by the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management (IGN) as part of the SINKS2 project, funded by The Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities, Denmark and for the same ministry. Data from the Danish National Forest Inventory is utilised and is funded by the Ministry of Environment and Food. The report has been commented on by representatives from by Erik Tang (The Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities) and Christian Lundmark Jensen (The Ministry of Environment and Food as well as a number of researchers (Henrik Meilby and Jette Bredahl, Department of Food and Resource Economics, Copenhagen University, Steen Gyldenkærne, DCE, Aarhus University). First version was submitted by 31st of January 2019. Following review comments from EU process, this is a revised version to be submitted by December 2019. Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. December 2019

The report is Denmark's National Inventory Report 2022, which serves as documentation for the Danish greenhouse gas inventories submitted to the European Union and the United Nations. The report contains information on Denmark's emission inventories for all years' from 1990 to 2020 for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6.

The report is Denmark's National Inventory Report 2021, which serves as documentation for the Danish greenhouse gas inventories submitted to the European Union and the United Nations. The report contains information on Denmark's emission inventories for all years' from 1990 to 2018 for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6.

The report documents the methodologies and data used to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from Denmark for the reporting obligations under the European Union, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol.

The report is Denmark's National Inventory Report 2020, which serves as documentation for the Danish greenhouse gas inventories submitted to the European Union and the United Nations. The report contains information on Denmark's emission inventories for all years' from 1990 to 2018 for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6.

The report is Denmark's National Inventory Report 2019, which serves as documentation for the Danish greenhouse gas inventories submitted to the European Union and the United Nations. The report contains information on Denmark's emission inventories for all years' from 1990 to 2017 for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6.

Drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate climate zones are believed to be significant sources of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), but the annual fluxes are still highly uncertain. Drained organic soils exemplify systems where many studies are still carried out with relatively small resources, several methodologies and manually operated systems, which further involve different options for the detailed design of the measurement and data analysis protocols for deriving the annual flux. It would be beneficial to set certain guidelines for how to measure and report the data, so that data from individual studies could also be used in synthesis work based on data collation and modelling. Such synthesis work is necessary for deciphering general patterns and trends related to, e.g., site types, climate, and management, and the development of corresponding emission factors, i.e. estimates of the net annual soil GHG emission and removal, which can be used in GHG inventories. Development of specific emission factors also sets prerequisites for the background or environmental data to be reported in individual studies. We argue that wide applicability greatly increases the value of individual studies. An overall objective of this paper is to support future monitoring campaigns in obtaining high-value data.We analysed peer-reviewed public cations presenting CO2, CH4 and N2O flux data for drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate climate zones, focusing on data that have been used, or have the potential to be used, for estimating net annual soil GHG emissions and removals. We evaluated the methods used in data collection and identified major gaps in background or environmental data. Based on these, we formulated recommendations for future research. ; This research was supported by the Nordic Forest Research SNS (grant nos. SNS-120 and CAR-ES III), with additional support from the University of Helsinki grant to the Peatland Ecology Group; the Academy of Finland (grant no. 289116); the Ministry of Education and Research of Estonia (grant no. PRG-352); the Danish Innovation Fund (FACCE ERA-GAS, grant no. 7108-00003b); and the European Union through the Centre of Excellence EcolChange in Estonia. ; Peer reviewed

Many experiments have shown that local biodiversity loss impairs the ability of ecosystems to maintain multiple ecosystem functions at high levels (multifunctionality). In contrast, the role of biodiversity in driving ecosystem multifunctionality at landscape scales remains unresolved. We used a comprehensive pan-European dataset, including 16 ecosystem functions measured in 209 forest plots across six European countries, and performed simulations to investigate how local plot-scale richness of tree species (α-diversity) and their turnover between plots (β-diversity) are related to landscape-scale multifunctionality. After accounting for variation in environmental conditions, we found that relationships between α-diversity and landscape-scale multifunctionality varied from positive to negative depending on the multifunctionality metric used. In contrast, when significant, relationships between β-diversity and landscape-scale multifunctionality were always positive, because a high spatial turnover in species composition was closely related to a high spatial turnover in functions that were supported at high levels. Our findings have major implications for forest management and indicate that biotic homogenization can have previously unrecognized and negative consequences for large-scale ecosystem multifunctionality. ; We thank the Hainich National Park administration as well as Felix Berthold and Carsten Beinhoff for support of this study and Gerald Kaendler and the Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut for providing access to the German National Forest Inventory data. The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement 265171. ; This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from the National Academy of Sciences via https://doi.org//10.1073/pnas.1517903113

There is considerable evidence that biodiversity promotes multiple ecosystem functions (multifunctionality), thus ensuring the delivery of ecosystem services important for human well-being. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are poorly understood, especially in natural ecosystems. We develop a novel approach to partition biodiversity effects on multifunctionality into three mechanisms and apply this to European forest data. We show that throughout Europe, tree diversity is positively related with multifunctionality when moderate levels of functioning are required, but negatively when very high function levels are desired. For two well-known mechanisms, 'complementarity' and 'selection', we detect only minor effects on multifunctionality. Instead a third, so far overlooked mechanism, the 'jack-of-all-trades' effect, caused by the averaging of individual species effects on function, drives observed patterns. Simulations demonstrate that jack-of-all-trades effects occur whenever species effects on different functions are not perfectly correlated, meaning they may contribute to diversity-multifunctionality relationships in many of the world's ecosystems. ; The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 265171. ; This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11109