Suchergebnisse

Chapter 1. Wetland Functions and Ecosystem Services: Implications for Wetland Restoration and -- Part I. Wetland functions and ecosystem services -- Chapter 2. Wetlands as Biogeochemical Hotspots affecting Water Quality in Catchments -- Chapter 3. Wetland effects on global climate: Mechanisms, impacts, and management recommendations -- Chapter 4. Wetlands regulate climate via evapotranspiration -- Part II. Wetland mechanisms, threats, conservation and management -- Chapter 5. Invasive plants in Coastal Wetlands: Patterns and Mechanisms -- Chapter 6. Tidal Forested Wetlands: Mechanisms, Threats, and Management Tools -- Chapter 7. National actions and international frameworks for the conservation and wise use of tidal flats and other coastal wetlands in the Yellow Sea -- Part III. Ecological Restoration of Wetlands -- Chapter 8. Wetlands restoration in China – Principles, technology and practice -- Chapter 9. Case Studies of Ecological Restoration and Conservation Strategies for Marshes and Peatlands -- Chapter 10. Building Resiliency to Changing Conditions in Wetland Management and Restoration -- Chapter 11. Overview and synthesis

International chemicals legislation aims at adequately controlling persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and substances of very high concern (SVHCs), such as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) and very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) substances, with a view to progressively substitute these substances with suitable less-hazardous alternatives. Using cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) to assess the (dis)proportionality of measures to control such substances (collectively called "PBT" in the present paper) requires benchmarks. The present paper provides building blocks for possible benchmarks by looking at the cost-effectiveness estimates for regulatory measures that have been applied or considered for various PBT substances. These cost-effectiveness estimates vary widely, and the main factors possibly explaining this variation are discussed. The available cost estimates currently do not allow deriving a value for society's willingness to pay to reduce PBT presence, use, and emissions because decisions referring explicitly to these estimates are scarce. Roughly speaking, the available evidence suggests that measures costing less than €1000 per kilogram PBT use or emission reduction will usually not be rejected for reasons of disproportionate costs, whereas for measures with costs above €50 000 per kilogram PBT such a rejection is likely. More research is needed to strengthen the evidence base and further elaborate a systematic approach toward proportionality benchmarking. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:1100–1112.