Suchergebnisse

Communist rule left a strong imprint on the development of Eastern European countries, but the precise mechanisms and directions of this legacy effect are subject to debate. This article looks at the legacies of giant infrastructural projects, which played an important role in the ideology and policy practice of communist regimes. Using the natural experiment of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM), we investigate the influence of this project on post-communist voting behavior. We show that the BAM legacy reduces the share of votes for United Russia, the party of power of Putin's regime, and leads to a larger share of votes for the Liberal-Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR). While the BAM legacy could be associated with a multitude of channels, we provide empirical evidence for at least one of them—the persistence of human capital, showing that BAM settlements are characterized by better educational outcomes than the control group.

The article is devoted to a critical review of the European Parliament Resolution of February 16, 2017 on the regulations in the field of robotics. The authors analyze the approaches of the creators of the law in terms of perception of autonomous robots as subjects of law and pay attention to the legal liability for damage caused by robots. The authors conclude that the concept of robots as the subject of law and the possibility of endowing robots with artificial intelligence with the qualities of a legal or electronic entity are arguable. First of all, the legal personality of robots raises the problem of responsibility and protection of the rights of potential victims. The resolution of the European Parliament emphasizes the need for such a legal structure that will ensure the harmonization of the interests of developers and sellers of autonomous robots, users and victims – the imposition of liability on the manufacturer or liability insurance.

Статья посвящена критическому обзору Резолюции Евро парламента от 16 февраля 2017 г. о регулировании отношений в сфере робототехники. Авторы анализируют подходы разработчиков законопроекта в части наделения автономных роботов качеством субъекта права и отмечают следование принципу осторожности в решении вопроса об ответственности за вред, причиненный роботами. В работе делается вывод о дискуссионном характере понятия субъект права и возможности наделения роботов с искусственным интеллектом качествами юридического или электронного лица. Прежде всего, правосубъектность роботов порождает проблему ответственности и защиты прав пострадавших. В резолюции Европарламента подчеркивается необходимость такой юридической конструкции, которая обеспечит гармонизацию интересов разработчиков и продавцов автономных роботов, пользователей и пострадавших –возложение ответственности на производителя либо страхование ответственности. ; The article is devoted to a critical review of the European Parliament Resolution of February 16, 2017 on the regulations in the field of robotics. The authors analyze the approaches of the creators of the law in terms of perception of autonomous robots as subjects of law and pay attention to the legal liability for damage caused by robots. The authors conclude that the concept of robots as the subject of law and the possibility of endowing robots with artificial intelligence with the qualities of a legal or electronic entity are arguable. First of all, the legal personality of robots raises the problem of responsibility and protection of the rights of potential victims. The resolution of the European Parliament emphasizes the need for such a legal structure that will ensure the harmonization of the interests of developers and sellers of autonomous robots, users and victims – the imposition of liability on the manufacturer or liability insurance. ; Artykuł poświęcony jest krytycznej analizie rezolucji Parlamentu Europejskiego z dnia 16 lutego 2017 r. w sprawie regulacji w dziedzinie robotyki. Autorzy analizują podejście twórców ustawy pod względem percepcji robotów autonomicznych jako podmiotów prawa i zwracają uwagę na odpowiedzialność prawną za szkody wyrządzone przez roboty. W artykule podsumowano, że koncepcja robotów jako podmiotów prawa oraz możliwość wyposażenia robotów w sztuczną inteligencję, a więc w cechy podmiotu prawnego jest dyskusyjna. Osobowość prawna powoduje problem odpowiedzialności i ochrony praw potencjalnych ofiar robotów. Rezolucja Parlamentu Europejskiego podkreśla potrzebę utworzenia struktury prawnej, która zapewni harmonizację interesów twórców i sprzedawców autonomicznych robotów, użytkowników i ofiar – nałożenie odpowiedzialności na producenta lub ubezpieczenie od odpowiedzialności cywilnej

The article outlines the conception of the lexical pragmatics Dictionary of Russian language that was formulated while working on research project "Vocabulary of Russian language with a pragmatic component of semantics". The pragmatic component of the word is a phenomenon in which the national specifics of language is manifested. Those implicit elements of meaning (including evaluative, emotive, expressive, cultural connotations, etc.) that constitute the pragmatic component of the word often cause communicative mistakes in the speech practice of native speakers and foreigners. Successful communication requires possession of the information about pragmatic properties of the words, i.e., about pragmatic competence. The article determines the novelty of this Dictionary and its correlation to the preceding lexicographic tradition, the Dictionary tasks, sources, and main parameters (aspects) of the description of a lexical unit.

This article is the result of a pilot study of the Institute for Humanitarian Research and North Indigenous Peoples Problems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the problems of analyzing the rela-tionship between the manifestation of ethnic phenomenon and Russian patriotism. Currently, scientific tasks related to the study of the problems of strengthening the unity of the multinational people of Russia, the correla-tion between citizenship and ethnicity in people's consciousness, the level of interethnic harmony in the context of ethnic and linguistic diversity, and the study of the links between these aspects and the spread of patriotism in the country are particularly relevant. The use of qualitative research methods, namely in-depth semi-structured interviews, allowed us to collect a range of opinions of the population and to clarify what factors in-fluence patriotism as an emotionally experienced sense of community and a moral principle that regulates the behavior of people in the representatives of small indigenous peoples of the North.

This article introduces five terracotta figurines acquired in Egypt by Vladimir S. Golenishchev and N. G. Ter-Mikaelyan and currently preserved at the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts. Three statuettes depict the child god Harpocrates with the attributes of royal power; two figurines demonstrate the identification of Harpocrates with the Greek god Eros. Most of the objects can be dated mainly to the Roman times, one is to be dated to the late Ptolemaic period. The places of finding or manufacturing of figurines are mostly unknown; however, according to a number of specific features, these could be towns of the Fayum Oasis, the Delta, and in one case — probably, Edfu. Terracotta figurines of Harpocrates with royal regalia are rare, especially in comparison with the wide-spread occurrence of terracottaе with Harpocrates holding a pot or cornucopia; all these data bring his functions as patron of fertility and defender of health to the fore. The presence of royal attributes seems to be a kind of secondary, partly decorative elements that only enhance the most popular aspects of terracotta images of Harpocrates. The type of figurines depicting Harpocrates sitting on a throne with the crown of the god Amun reproduces the iconography of small bronze sculpture. In other types of terracotta the royal attributes most frequently found are the double crown and — rarely — a nemes-headdress; the crown is usually surrounded by lotus buds, a favorite motive of Harpocrates' iconography. The childish image of Harpocrates in the time of interaction between Eastern and Western cultures led to a natural synthesis of images of the child gods of Egyptian and Graeco-Roman worlds — Harpocrates and Eros. Apparently, such terracottaе, which had more Hellenistic than Egyptian features, were in demand by the population of different towns in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt.