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Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Book -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I: Academic Tendencies -- References -- Chapter 1: Academic Tendencies in Policy Frameworks for Fostering Entrepreneurial Innovations -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Entrepreneurial Innovations and Policy Frameworks -- 1.2.1 Defining Entrepreneurial Innovations -- 1.2.2 Policy Frameworks -- 1.3 The Link Between Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Policy Frameworks On Published Research -- 1.4 Discussing a Research Agenda -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Leading Trends in Technology Transfer -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 Evolution of Publications and the Citation Structure -- 2.3.2 The Evolution of Technology Transfer Frameworks -- 2.3.3 The Most Influential Technology Transfer Studies -- 2.3.4 Evolution of the Leading Trends in Technology Transfer -- 2.3.5 Technology Transfer, Entrepreneurship and Innovation Policies -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Empirical Evidence in North America -- References -- Chapter 3: Technology Transfer at U.S. Federal Laboratories: R& -- D Disclosures Patent Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Technology Transfer Mechanism -- 3.3 Empirical Model -- 3.4 Data and Descriptive Statistics -- 3.5 Data and Descriptive Statistics -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Empirical Evidence in Latin America and the Caribbean -- References -- Chapter 4: Ambitious Entrepreneurship and Its Relationship with R& -- D Policy in Latin American Countries -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Theoretical Framework -- 4.2.1 The Role of R& -- D Transfer in Entrepreneurship -- 4.2.2 The Role of Government Intervention in Entrepreneurship -- 4.2.3 The Role of Innovation in Entrepreneurship.

Latin-American countries are characterised by societal problems like violence, crime, corruption, the informality that influence any entrepreneurial activity developed by individuals/organisations. Social innovations literature confront "wicked problems" with strong interdependencies among different systems/actors. Yet, little is known about how firms use innovation to hedge against economic, political or societal uncertainties (i.e., violence, social movements, democratisation, pandemic). By translating social innovation and institutional theory approaches, this study analyses the influence of formal institutions (government programs and actions) and informal institutions (corruption, extortion and informal trade) on the development/implementation of enterprises' technological initiatives for protecting/preventing of victimisation. By using data from 5525 establishments interviewed in the 2012/2014 National Victimisation Survey of the Mexican National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), our findings shows that formal conditions (government programs) and informal conditions (corruption, extortion and informal trade) are associated with an increment in the number of enterprises' social innovations. Our findings also contribute to the debate about institutional conditions, social innovations, and the role of ecosystems' actors in developing economies. A provoking discussion and implications for researchers, managers and policymakers emerge from this study.

The purpose of this article and the special issue is to improve our understanding of the theoretical, managerial, and policy implications of the effectiveness of technology transfer policies on entrepreneurial innovation. We accomplish this objective by examining the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and public policies in the 186 papers published from 1970 to 2019. Our analysis begins by clarifying the definition of entrepreneurial innovations and outlining the published research per context. We then present the seven papers that contribute to this special issue. We conclude by outlining an agenda for additional research on this topic.

The purpose of this article and the special issue is to improve our understanding of the theoretical, managerial, and policy implications of the effectiveness of technology transfer policies on entrepreneurial innovation. We accomplish this objective by examining the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and public policies in the 186 papers published from 1970 to 2019. Our analysis begins by clarifying the definition of entrepreneurial innovations and outlining the published research per context. We then present the seven papers that contribute to this special issue. We conclude by outlining an agenda for additional research on this topic.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between independence, risk taking, creativity, and entrepreneurial activity at the country level, in the light of institutional economics, concretely using the cultural-cognitive dimension. The main findings demonstrate through a regression model that risk taking and creativity have a positive and significant influence on entrepreneurship. Data were obtained from the World Values Survey, for the period 2005–2008, from a sample size of 42 countries. The study advances the literature by providing new information on the effect of environmental factors on entrepreneurial activity. Also, the research contributes to the definition of educational policies that promote favorable attitudes to risk taking and creativity, thereby increasing the number of potential entrepreneurs.

Social entrepreneurship has been a subject of growing interest by academics and governments, however little still being known about environmental factors that affect this phenomenon. The main objective of this study is to analyze how these factors affect social entrepreneurial activity, in the light of the institutional economic theory as the conceptual framework. Using linear regression analysis for a sample of 49 countries, is studied the impact of informal institutions (social needs, societal attitudes and education) and formal institutions (public spending, access to finance and governance effectiveness) on social entrepreneurial activity. The findings suggest that while societal attitudes increase the rates of social entrepreneurship, public spending has a negative relationship with this phenomenon. Finally, the empirical evidence found could be useful for the definition of government policies on promoting social entrepreneurship.

This research works toward the identification of the factors that comprise the process of socialization, involvement and initial belonging of descendants in family businesses and the key relationships between them. By means of a qualitative detailed study of four cases, complemented by a quantitative survey of 274 Colombian family businesses, the authors generate a new model that takes into account both factors explored in previous research as well as others identified in this study. Findings confirm the specific dependency of each stage on the subsequent ones; socialization influences involvement, which in turn influences the belonging of the descendants to the family business, with a strong presence of factors such as knowledge, leadership, mode, timing, and motivation. Those responsible for the orientation of potential successors may examine these findings in order to optimize their preparation efforts and support of family human resources for the continuity of the business.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los efectos de la diversidad cultural, medida a partir de la fragmentación étnica, lingüística y religiosa, sobre la actividad emprendedora. A partir de datos de 39 países que hacen parte del proyecto Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) para el año 2008 y utilizando diversas regresiones lineales, se demuestra la importancia de la fragmentación étnica y lingüística sobre la religiosa, como condicionantes del emprendimiento. En cuanto a las implicaciones, el estudio permite por un lado, avanzar en la relación entre instituciones informales como la cultura y el emprendimiento, desde una faceta más novedosa como es la diversidad cultural en el contexto de la teoría institucional. A su vez, las evidencias encontradas podrían facilitar el diseño de políticas y estrategias de fomento a la actividad emprendedora, en el contexto de globalización actual que favorece la movilidad geográfica y por ende, la diversidad cultural.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: General Introduction -- 1.1 Main Motivation -- 1.2 Research Contribution -- 1.3 Theoretical Aspects -- 1.4 Structure of the Book -- References -- 2: Entrepreneurial Activity and Economic Growth: A Literature Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Conceptual Framework: Linking Entrepreneurship to Economic Growth -- 2.3 Findings of the Literature Review -- 2.4 Analysis and Discussion: Where Is This Relationship Now, and Where Should It Advance in the Future? -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3: A Review of Economic Development Thinking and the Role of Innovative Entrepreneurship: Past, Present, and Future -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Behind the Supposed Mystery of Development -- 3.3 Developmental States as Systemic Balance Sheets -- 3.4 Dynamics of Entrepreneurship, Learning, and Innovation -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4: Why Do Some Nations Succeed While Others Fail? The Role of Culture and Regulations in Entrepreneurship and Innovation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Theoretical Framework -- 4.3 Empirical Strategy -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5: Diagnosing the Dynamics of Economic Growth -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Theoretical Framework -- 5.3 Mathematical Approach -- 5.3.1 Production and Demand: The Goods and Services Cycle -- 5.3.2 Production -- 5.3.3 Consumption -- 5.3.4 Labor, EAP, and Unemployment -- 5.3.5 Revenues and Payments -- 5.3.6 Household Cash Balance -- 5.3.7 Cash Balance of Companies -- 5.3.8 Inventories and Investment -- 5.4 The Role of Firms -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Taxes and Economic Growth: The Role of the Central Government -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Conceptual Framework -- 6.2.1 Theoretical Foundations -- 6.2.2 Hypothesis Development -- 6.3 Methodology -- 6.3.1 Data.

This book analyzes the role of institutions in conditioning entrepreneurship and innovation to achieve economic development. Set against the backdrop of populism, this book is based on the premise that formal and informal institutional factors and entrepreneurship are closely linked and that studying the economic development of both developed and emerging economies can help us disentangle the role of entrepreneurship and innovation in developing countries. Using institutional economics as a main theoretical framework and the sociotechnical subsystems as a complementary approach, the authors present a detailed literature review to demonstrate that it is possible to identify the true role of entrepreneurship and innovation in the economic development process. The book embraces complexity to better measure and comprehend economic development, bringing a more compelling perspective on the importance of entrepreneurship and innovation for different dimensions of development. A valuable resource for students, scholars, and policymakers, the authors offer clear recommendations for developing countries. Diego Gomez is the Executive Director of Fundacin ECSIM (Economic Center for Simulation and Modelling) in Medellin, Colombia. Diegos research explores the complexity involved in the economic development process, taking into consideration the existence of interrelated systems and the role of innovation and entrepreneurship in boosting such relationships. Sebastian Aparicio is a Serra Hunter Fellow in the Department of Business at Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona (UAB). He is also a Researcher at the Centre for Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation Research (CREIS) and at the Centre for University Entrepreneurship (CIEU-UAB). His research explores the effects of entrepreneurship on economic development. David Urbano is a Professor of Entrepreneurship at the Department of Business and ICREA-Academia research fellow. Also, he is Director at the Centre for Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation Research (CREIS) (Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona). His research focuses on the analysis of factors affecting entrepreneurship in different contexts, using the institutional approach.