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Archaeoprimatology explores how humans and nonhuman primates coexisted in the past. This discipline has profound roots in texts of early scholars. Archaeoprimatological research examines the liminality between humans, apes, monkeys, and prosimians deep in time before the rise of the Anthropocene. By exploring the beginning of the relationship between modern Homo sapiens and primates, which possibly dates to approximately 100,000 BCE, I survey the evidence, ranging from portable objects and 2D surfaces with primatomorphic depictions to primate remains at archaeological sites worldwide. For example, an overview of ancient frescoes and mosaics with primate representations reveals that the vast majority of them were rendered in locations where primates were not part of the local fauna. An extensive review of primates in the zooarchaeological record shows as a global pattern that traded primates were usually young individuals and frugivorous/omnivorous species. Local primates yielded at sites of regions they naturally inhabited were mostly hunted. Thus, examining past patterns of the human–nonhuman primate interface provides insight into major questions about human niche construction and primate conservation today.

Foreword -- Neotropical Ethnoprimatology: An Introduction -- Part I. Mesoamerica -- 1. Perception and Uses of Primates among Popoluca Indigenous People of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico -- 2. Mental State Attribution to Nonhuman Primates and Other Animals by Rural Inhabitants of the Community of Conhuas near the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico -- 3. Local Knowledge and Cultural Significance of Primates (Ateles geoffroyi and Alouatta pigra) among Lacandon Maya from Chiapas, Mexico -- 4. Representation and Signification of Primates in Maya-Q´eqchi´ Cosmovision and Implications for their Conservation in Northwestern Guatemala -- Part II. South America -- 5. Ethnoprimatology of the Tikuna in the Southern Colombian Amazon -- 6. Frugivorous Monkeys Feeding a Tropical Rainforest: Barí Ethnobotanical Ethnoprimatology in Venezuela -- 7. Memories, Monkeys and the Mapoyo People: Rethinking Ethnoprimatology and Eco-Historical Contexts in the Middle Orinoco, Venezuela -- 8. Co-ecology of Jotï, Primates and Other People: A Multi-Species Ethnography in the Venezuelan Guayana -- 9. Primates in the lives of the Yanomami people of Brazil and Venezuela -- 10. Kixiri and the Origin of Day and Night: Ethnoprimatology among the Waimiri Atroari Amerindians of Central Amazonia, Brazil -- 11. Linguistic, Cultural, and Environmental Aspects of Ethnoprimatological Knowledge among the Lokono, Kari'na, and Warao of the Moruca River (Guyana) -- 12. Relationships between Scientific Ecology and Knowledge of Primate Ecology of Wapishana Subsistence Hunters in Guyana -- 13. Past, Present and Future of Secoya Ethnoprimatology in the Ecuadorian Amazonia -- 14. The Importance of Nonhuman Primates in Waorani Communities of the Ecuadorian Amazon -- 15. Monkeys in the Wampis (Huambisa) Life and Cosmology in the Peruvian Amazonian Rainforest -- 16. The White Monkey and the Sloth or Pelejo Monkey: Primates in the Social and Cultural Configurations of the Shawi People of Northwestern Peru -- 17. Importance of Primates to Tacana Indigenous Subsistence Hunting in the Bolivian Amazon -- 18. When Monkeys were Humans: Narratives of the Relationship between Primates and the Toba (Qom) People of the Gran Chaco of Argentina -- Index.

Abstract
International collaborations show asymmetries and imbalances that influence how countries take part in international relations. In this context, science diplomacy (SD) could offer possibilities towards building partnerships and meaningful engagement between Europe and Latin America. The purpose of this article is to analyse how scientific collaborations between Latin American and European researchers are carried out, observing trends, behaviours, and perceptions. Qualitative methodologies and the analysis of empirical data collected through a survey allow the extraction of relevant experiences from real cases of international joint projects. Findings indicate that addressing the asymmetries in the collaboration between partnering researchers from Europe and Latin America is essential, and SD approaches may facilitate such endeavour. SD may not represent a panacea; however, it seems to facilitate the internationalisation of research in terms of mobility, international scientific collaborations, and knowledge exchange with under-represented actors in traditional international scientific schemes, such as indigenous communities.

Scientific collaborations among nations to address common problems and to build international partnerships as part of science diplomacy is a well-established notion. The international flow of people and ideas has played an important role in the advancement of the 'Sciences' and the current pandemic scenario has drawn attention towards the genuine need for a stronger role of science diplomacy, science advice and science communication. In dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, visible interactions across science, policy, science communication to the public and diplomacy worldwide have promptly emerged. These interactions have benefited primarily the disciplines of knowledge that are directly informing the pandemic response, while other scientific fields have been relegated. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientists of all disciplines and from all world regions are discussed here, with a focus on early-career researchers (ECRs), as a vulnerable population in the research system. Young academies and ECR-driven organisations could suggest ECR-powered solutions and actions that could have the potential to mitigate these effects on ECRs working on disciplines not related to the pandemic response. In relation with governments and other scientific organisations, they can have an impact on strengthening and creating fairer scientific systems for ECRs at the national, regional, and global level.

Scientific collaborations among nations to address common problems and to build international partnerships as part of science diplomacy is a well-established notion. The international flow of people and ideas has played an important role in the advancement of the 'Sciences' and the current pandemic scenario has drawn attention towards the genuine need for a stronger role of science diplomacy, science advice and science communication. In dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, visible interactions across science, policy, science communication to the public and diplomacy worldwide have promptly emerged. These interactions have benefited primarily the disciplines of knowledge that are directly informing the pandemic response, while other scientific fields have been relegated. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientists of all disciplines and from all world regions are discussed here, with a focus on early-career researchers (ECRs), as a vulnerable population in the research system. Young academies and ECR-driven organisations could suggest ECR-powered solutions and actions that could have the potential to mitigate these effects on ECRs working on disciplines not related to the pandemic response. In relation with governments and other scientific organisations, they can have an impact on strengthening and creating fairer scientific systems for ECRs at the national, regional, and global level.