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A new way of seeing Black history-the sweeping story of how American cities as we know them developed from the vision, aspirations, and actions of the Black poor. Building the Black City shows how African Americans built and rebuilt thriving cities for themselves, even as their unpaid and underpaid labor enriched the nation's economic, political, and cultural elites. Covering an incredible range of cities from the North to the South, the East to the West, Joe William Trotter, Jr., traces the growth of Black cities and political power from the preindustrial era to the present. Trotter defines the Black city as a complicated socioeconomic, spiritual, political, and spatial process, unfolding time and again as Black communities carved out urban space against the violent backdrop of recurring assaults on their civil and human rights-including the right to the city. As we illuminate the destructive depths of racial capitalism and how Black people have shaped American culture, politics, and democracy, Building the Black City reminds us that the case for reparations must also include a profound appreciation for the creativity and productivity of African Americans on their own behalf.Cities covered: Charleston, Savannah, New Orleans, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Richmond, Birmingham, Durham, Atlanta, Houston, Miami, Tulsa, early New York (New Amsterdam), Philadelphia, Boston Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles, and Seattle

"This collection brings together nearly three decades of research on the African American experience, class, and race relations in the Appalachian coal industry. It shows how, with deep roots in the antebellum era of chattel slavery, West Virginias Black working class gradually picked up steam during the emancipation years following the Civil War and dramatically expanded during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. From there, African American Workers and the Appalachian Coal Industry highlights the decline of the regions Black industrial proletariat under the impact of rapid technological, social, and political changes following World War II. It underscores how all miners suffered unemployment and outmigration from the region as global transformations took their toll on the coal industry, but emphasizes the disproportionately painful impact of declining bituminous coal production on African American workers, their families, and their communities. Joe Trotter not only reiterates the contributions of proletarianization to our knowledge of US labor and working-class history but also draws attention to the gender limits of studies of Black life that focus on class formation, while calling for new transnational perspectives on the subject. Equally important, this volume illuminates the intellectual journey of a noted labor historian with deep family roots in the southern Appalachian coalfields." - From publisher's website

This collection brings together nearly three decades of research on the African American experience, class, and race relations in the Appalachian coal industry.

"During the Great Migration, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, became a mecca for African Americans seeking better job opportunities, wages, and living conditions. The city's thriving economy and vibrant social and cultural scenes inspired dreams of prosperity and a new start, but this urban haven was not free of discrimination and despair. In the face of injustice, activists formed the Urban League of Pittsburgh (ULP) in 1918 to combat prejudice and support the city's growing African American population. In this broad-ranging history, Joe William Trotter Jr. uses this noteworthy branch of the National Urban League to provide new insights into an organization that has often faced criticism for its social programs' deep class and gender limitations. Surveying issues including housing, healthcare, and occupational mobility, Trotter underscores how the ULP-often in concert with the Urban League's national headquarters-bridged social divisions to improve the lives of black citizens of every class. He also sheds new light on the branch's nonviolent direct-action campaigns and places these powerful grassroots operations within the context of the modern Black Freedom Movement. The impact of the National Urban League is a hotly debated topic in African American social and political history. Trotter's study provides valuable new insights that demonstrate how the organization has relieved massive suffering and racial inequality in US cities for more than a century"--

"During the Great Migration, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, became a mecca for African Americans seeking better job opportunities, wages, and living conditions. The city's thriving economy and vibrant social and cultural scenes inspired dreams of prosperity and a new start, but this urban haven was not free of discrimination and despair. In the face of injustice, activists formed the Urban League of Pittsburgh (ULP) in 1918 to combat prejudice and support the city's growing African American population. In this broad-ranging history, Joe William Trotter Jr. uses this noteworthy branch of the National Urban League to provide new insights into an organization that has often faced criticism for its social programs' deep class and gender limitations. Surveying issues including housing, healthcare, and occupational mobility, Trotter underscores how the ULP-often in concert with the Urban League's national headquarters-bridged social divisions to improve the lives of black citizens of every class. He also sheds new light on the branch's nonviolent direct-action campaigns and places these powerful grassroots operations within the context of the modern Black Freedom Movement. The impact of the National Urban League is a hotly debated topic in African American social and political history. Trotter's study provides valuable new insights that demonstrate how the organization has relieved massive suffering and racial inequality in US cities for more than a century"--

"From the ongoing issues of poverty, health, housing and employment to the recent upsurge of lethal police-community relations, the black working class stands at the center of perceptions of social and racial conflict today. Journalists and public policy analysts often discuss the black poor as "consumers" rather than "producers," as "takers" rather than "givers," and as "liabilities" instead of "assets." In his engrossing new history, Workers on Arrival, Joe William Trotter, Jr. refutes these perceptions by charting the black working class's vast contributions to the making of America. Covering the last four hundred years since Africans were first brought to Virginia in 1619, Trotter traces black workers' complicated journey from the transatlantic slave trade through the American Century to the demise of the industrial order in the 21st century. At the center of this compelling, fast-paced narrative are the actual experiences of these African American men and women. A dynamic and vital history of remarkable contributions despite repeated setbacks, Workers on Arrival expands our understanding of America's economic and industrial growth, its cities, ideas, and institutions, and the real challenges confronting black urban communities today." - Provided by publisher

Acknowledgements -- Introduction: the ghetto made and remade / Wendy Z. Goldman and Joe W. Trotter -- The early modern Jewish ghetto -- Ghetto : etymology, original definition, reality, and diffusion / Benjamin Ravid -- The end to confessionalism : Jews, law, and the Roman ghetto / Kenneth Stow -- The early modern ghetto : a study in urban real estate / Bernard Cooperman -- Venice : a culture of enclosure, a culture of control : the creation of the ghetto in the context of early cinquecento / Samuel D. Gruber -- Nazi ghettos -- "There was no work, we only worked for the Germans" : ghettos and ghetto labor in German-occupied soviet territories / Anika Walke -- Hunger in the ghettos / Helene Sinnreich -- Am I my brother's keeper? : Jewish committees in the ghettos of the Mogilev district and the Romanian authorities in Transnistria, 1941 to 1944 / Gali Mir-Tibon -- Jewish resistance in ghettos in the former Soviet Union during the holocaust / Zvi Gitelman and Lenore J. Weitzman -- When (and why) is a ghetto not a "ghetto"? : concentrating and segregating Jews in Budapest, 1944 / Tim Cole -- U.S. and African -- Shifting "ghettos" : established jews, jewish immigrants and african-americans in chicago 1880-1960 / Tobias Brinkman -- "Is a Negro district, in the midst of our fairest cities, to become connotative of the ghetto"? : using corpus analysis to trace the "ghetto" in the black press, 1900-1930 / Avigail Oren -- Constrained but not contained : patterns of everyday life and the limits of segregation in 1920s Harlem / Stephen Robertson -- The American ghetto as an international human rights crisis : the fight against racial restrictive covenants, 1945-1948 / Jeffrey Gonda -- Unmaking the ghetto : community development and persistent social inequality in Brooklyn, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia / Brian Purnell -- Urban locations, apartheid, and the ghetto in Southern Africa -- "Their world was a ghetto" : space, power and identity in Alexandra, South Africa's squatters' movement, 1946-47 / Dawne Curry -- Citizens, not subjects : spatial segregation and the making of Durban's African / Working Class -- Alex lichtenstein -- Location culture in South Africa / Gavin Steingo.