Suchergebnisse

Research Framework and Methods -- Significance of Balanced Patterns for Leaders in Gender Structure -- A Brief Introduction of Female Leaders: An Analysis Based on Census Data -- Research Review on Female Leaders at Home and Abroad -- Capital Accumulation of Female Leaders -- Ideology of Gender Equality Encourages Women to Become Leaders -- Gender-friendly Environment is Essential -- Wisdom on the Balance of Family and Work -- Factors Affecting Female Leaders in Politics -- Party Mechanism of Political Participation of Female Leaders -- Characteristics of Female Leaders in Politics in Social Transformation -- Career Promotion for Women at Bureau-Director Level from Life Course Perspective -- Situation and Characteristics of Female Professionals -- Upward Mobility of Female Professionals and Affecting Factors -- Gender Segregation and Institutional Discrimination in Professional Fields -- Career Patterns of Female Senior Executives in Enterprises -- Career Patterns of Female Entrepreneurs -- Investing on Women: China's New Engine of Development -- Policies for Promoting the Growth of Female Leaders in Politics -- Policies for Promoting the Growth of Female Professionals -- Policies for Promoting Women in Enterprise Management -- Postscript -- Bibliography.

AbstractThe development of China domestic services sector relies on a gendered labour regime that is also at the basis of the country rapid economic growth. Domestic workers face many obstacles at defending their rights. The state's Labour Contract Law does not consider them. Besides, market competition and urban mainstream culture place domestic workers in marginal and atomized positions. But their gender identity, as well as their migrant workers'identity, have become useful resources for the establishment of social support relationships. The networks build on this double identity procure them the emotional support they need and contribute to improve their ability.

Abstract
This paper delves into the discourse and practice of "lying flat" (tang ping) among Chinese youths. It offers a comprehensive analysis of their collective resistance against the overwork and the competitive pressures in their career. From the perspectives of cultural, economic, and social capital, the "lying flat" among contemporary Chinese youths could be divided into three modes. The first mode, referred to as the fire mode (Financial Independence, Retire Early movement), predominantly represents the elite youths, who have ample cultural, economic, and social capital, and actively express ideas of "lying flat" online. Meanwhile, they strategize a plan for fire. However, their dreams are blocked by competition in the workplace. The second mode is the lifestyle of neet youth, which is primarily a semi-autonomous choice made by urban youths with family resources. neet youths find themselves unable to meet the requirements of the fast-paced, high-demand post-industrial career. Thus, they choose to stay at home, which known as "gnaw the old" (ken lao). Although they may not orally express ''lying flat", they actually practice it. The third mode, known as the "Sanhe Gods" (san he da shen) type, corresponds to the daily laborers. These young individuals who are migrating from rural areas to urban, lack resources and hope for the future. Systemically marginalized by the urban areas, they are typically the grassroots class in society and take "lying flat" as a way of resistance. In summary, the discourse and practice of "lying flat" hold multifaceted significance. On one hand, it serves as a counterpoint to the work ethics supported by neoliberalism. Diverse forms of "lying flat" are social-stratified responses to oppose the intense competition in modern work environments. On the other hand, the stratification of "lying flat" practices mirrors the younger generation's struggle against the imbalances of the social structure. It reflects their actions against inequality through refusal and non-cooperation toward current work ethics, fostering the emergence of new work ethics and a new paradigm of social integration.

This study proposes a two-stage causal modeling with instrumental variables to mitigate selection bias, provide correct standard error estimates, and address nonnormal and missing data issues simultaneously. Bayesian methods are used for model estimation. Robust methods with Student's t distributions are used to account for nonnormal data. Ignorable missing data are handled by multiple imputation techniques, while nonignorable missing data are handled by an added-on selection model structure. In addition to categorical treatment data, this study extends the work to continuous treatment variables. Monte Carlo simulation studies are conducted showing that the proposed Bayesian approach can well address common issues in existing methods. We provide a real data example on the early childhood relative age effect study to illustrate the application of the proposed method. The proposed method can be easily implemented using the R software package "ALMOND" (Analysis of Local Average Treatment Effect for missing or/and Nonnormal Data).

Latent basis growth modeling is a flexible version of the growth curve modeling, in which it allows the basis coefficients of the model to be freely estimated, and thus the optimal growth trajectories can be determined from the observed data. In this article, Bayesian estimation methods are applied for latent basis growth modeling. Because the latent basis coefficients are important parameters that determine the growth pattern in latent basis growth models, we evaluate the impact of different priors for the basis coefficients on parameter recovery and model estimation. Noninformative priors, informative priors with varying levels of accuracy and precision, and data-dependent priors are considered. In addition, the issue of model specification is treated as a prior selection procedure. The impact of model misspecification and priors for model parameters are investigated simultaneously. A Monte Carlo simulation study is conducted and suggests that misspecified models adversely affect the parameter estimation much more than inaccurate priors. Recommendations on prior selection in latent basis growth models are given based on the simulation results. A real data example on the development of schoolchildren's reading ability is also provided to illustrate the comparison among different sets of priors.