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Child poverty occupies a special place in the fight against poverty of national governments and international organizations. Reducing child poverty and eradicating child extreme poverty should be a priority in the social and economic policy of any state. The aim of the study is to analyze child poverty in Russia, the United States and developing countries. Special attention is paid to the analysis of approaches to the study and tracking of child poverty by national systems and international organizations; the special significance of the negative impact of poverty in children on epigenetic, immunological, physiological, psychological types of adaptation at the age of 2-3 years was noted. This requires effective regulation to offset the negative impact of extreme poverty on children. it is substantiated that the policy of state aid to poor families with children in the Russian Federation should not be based on income poverty indicators. The influence of the depression of the Russian economy in 2014 on a sharp increase in the proportion of poor families with three or more children is shown. The special role of the experience of shame and threats to their dignity by poor children, which penetrate into all aspects of the life of poor children, negatively affects their future, is noted. The study of the role of the family, society, state, and international organizations in the elimination of child poverty in its extreme forms showed that the eradication of child poverty should be a top priority in any country.

The article examines the evolution of poverty research, starting from a monograph published 25 years ago by ISESP RAS; the article gives a brief overview of the main achievements of this 1994 publication, which remains relevant even a quarter of century later. The main domestic works preceding this publication are also considered. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the research approaches put forward in this work and the main conclusions, as well as to identify their relationship and conformity with modern achievements of scientific thought of Russian and foreign researchers. The problem of poverty and implementation of anti-poverty policies remains an extensive field of scientific discussion that affects the practice of government decisions, which are very sensitive to the population. The main documents of international organizations aimed at eradicating extreme poverty and strengthening the world poverty reduction policy are briefly reviewed. The article notes the importance of the monitoring living conditions of Russian families in the form of a Comprehensive Survey conducted by Rosstat. According to the author, continuation of this monitoring of families will allow a more balanced approach to measures of financial assistance to families with children and take adequate social protection measures that will help these families to avoid transition to poverty. On the basis of analysis of publications on materials from the Taganrog studies, the author expresses the opinion that it is incorrect to apply the term "maloobespechenny" (not sufficiently provided for) to income-poor families as this concept should include the property status of the poor. The author suggests that the institute that prepared the 1994 edition can successfully combine social, economic, demographic and sociological approaches for an integrated study of the phenomenon of poverty.

This article examines manuscripts that help reconstruct the authentic liturgical tradition of the city of Rome in the eleventh century. This tradition goes back to the early Middle Ages and, contrary to the hypothesis of Th. Klauser and M. Andrieu, did not undergo "Germanisation" after the imperial coronation of Otto I the Great but existed with certain changes until the thirteenth century. To determine whether manuscripts belong to this tradition, it is necessary to use a complex methodology that considers the data of palaeography, art history, musicology, and liturgy. It should be distinguished from the liturgy of some monastic congregations (Cluny, Monte Cassino), which were represented in Rome and its suburbs. The books of the Canons Regular of the Lateran, which represent a distinct version of the reformed worship, should be considered separately. The analysis of the manuscripts is carried out in the article according to the types of liturgical books: Lectionaries, Sacramentaries, Graduals, Antiphonaries, etc. Additionally, the article analyses surviving medieval lists of books kept in Roman churches. The author concludes that authentic Roman liturgy is reflected in 32 surviving manuscripts of different types (3 more require additional study). For most of them, the author establishes their affiliation with a particular Roman church or monastery. Most of them reflect the state of worship during the period of the Gregorian reform, but some of them make it possible to study the previous stage in the history of liturgy in Rome. As an excursus, the author considers the origin of the Evangelistary-Sacramentary Arch. Cap. S. Pietro. F 12, which, according to the author, was not created in Rome, as was commonly believed, but in the abbey of San Tommaso in Foglia.