Suchergebnisse

Ethn Dis. 2020;30(3):369-372; doi:10.18865/ed.30.3.369

Ethn Dis. 2022;32(2):73-74; doi:10.18865/ed.32.2.73

Background: The criminal justice system is the second largest referral source to publicly funded marijuana use disorder treatment. Individuals with criminal justice contact (be­ing unfairly treated or abused by the police, lifetime arrest, incarceration, or parole) have reported notably high levels of stress, sleep problems, and marijuana use. There are well-known race and sex disparities in marijuana use and criminal justice contact. However, understanding is limited on the role that stressors and sleep problems con­tribute to marijuana use among Black adults who experience criminal justice contact.Objectives: To determine whether life stressors and sleep problems contribute to lifetime marijuana use among Black adults with criminal justice contact and if there are sex differences.Methods: We performed multivariate logis­tic analysis, using nationally representative data of a non-institutionalized population sample (n=1508) of the National Survey of American Life from 2001 to 2003. We compared life stressors and sleep problems between Black adults with criminal justice contact who had lifetime marijuana use and those who did not have lifetime marijuana use. All analyses were stratified by sex.Results: In the sample of Black males with criminal justice contacts, individuals who reported financial stress (PR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.12-1.60) had a higher prevalence of experiencing lifetime marijuana use than Black males who reported no financial stress. Black males who reported that they were spiritual (PR: .76, 95% CI: .61-.93) had a lower prevalence of experiencing lifetime marijuana use than Black males who indicated that they were not spiritual. Black females who reported family stress (PR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.04-1.82) had a higher prevalence of experiencing lifetime mari­juana use than Black females who reported no family stress.Conclusions: These results underscore the importance of considering sex differences in life stressors when developing etiologic models of marijuana use disorder for Black adults who have experienced criminal jus­tice contact.Ethn Dis. 2021;31(2):187-196; doi:10.18865/ed.32.1.187

Obesity rates increase as household income increases among Black men, yet only a few studies have sought to understand this unique association. Scholars have posited that gendered stressors like role strain that are work-related could play a role in obesity among Black men. Work-life interference is a concept that captures the conflict between work life and family/personal life. Work-life interference is associated with obesity-related behaviors but has been understudied in Black men.The aim of this study was to determine the interrelationship between work-life interfer­ence, income, and obesity among Black men. Using data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey, the associations between household income and odds of overweight and obesity (measured by body mass index) were assessed using ordinal logit regressions. Multiplicative interaction terms were used to assess the potential moderation of the association between income and log-odds of overweight/obesity by work-life interference.The results of our study demonstrate that work-life interference interacts with income ≥400% federal poverty level (FPL) on the log-odds of overweight/obesity (beta=2.10, standard error [se]=.87). Among those who reported work-life interference, Black men who had household income ≥400% FPL had higher log-odds of overweight/ obesity (beta=1.51, se=.74) compared with those with income <100% FPL. There was no association between income and obesity among Black men who did not report work-life interference. The results suggest that work-life interference plays an important role in the positive associa­tion between income and obesity in Black men. Future studies should explicate the obesogenic ways in which work and family/ personal life combine among high-income Black men.Ethn Dis. 2020;30(4):629-636; doi:10.18865/ed.30.4.629

Although gentrification is occurring at increasing rates across the United States, our understanding of what this means for public health is limited. While positive changes, such as increases in property val­ues and reduced crime rates occur, negative consequences, such as residential displace­ment, also ensue. Individuals living through gentrification experience major changes in social and environmental conditions often in short periods of time, which can result in disrupted social networks and stress, both associated with decrements in health. As neighborhoods across the United States undergo revitalization, understanding health effects of gentrification, positive and nega­tive, is paramount. We posit that gentrifica­tion may be beneficial in some aspects of health and detrimental in others. To address current challenges in the gentrification-health literature, we recommend future research: 1) examine the gentrification processes and stages; 2) integrate built, natural, and social environment metrics; and 3) assess mediating and moderating as­sociations. As gentrification expands across the United States, research conducted in this area is poised for timely contributions to equitable development and urban planning policies. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(3):509-512; doi:10.18865/ed.30.3.509

<p><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2017;27(1):1-2; doi: 10.18865/ed.27.1.1</p>

Objective
Racial disparities in health outcomes are a persistent threat in gentrifying neighborhoods. A contributor to health outcomes is health services utilization, the extent to which people receive care from a medical professional. There are documented racial disparities in health services utilization in the general population. We aim to determine whether racial disparities in health services utilization exist in gentrifying neighborhoods.


Methods
We used data from the American Community Survey to identify gentrifying neighborhoods across the United States from 2006 to 2017. We collected data on three measures of healthcare services utilization (office-based physician visits, office-based nonphysician visits, and having a usual source of care) for 247 Black and 689 White non-Hispanic respondents of the 2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey living in gentrifying neighborhoods. We used modified Poisson models to determine whether there is a difference in the prevalence of health services utilization by race among residents of gentrifying neighborhoods.


Results
After adjusting for age, gender, education, income, employment, insurance, marital status, region, and self-rated health, Black residents of gentrifying neighborhoods demonstrated a similar prevalence of having an office-based physician visit, a lower prevalence of having an office-based nonphysician visit (prevalence ratio: 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.60 to 0.91), and a lower prevalence of having a usual source of care (prevalence ratio: 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.77 to 0.98) than White residents.


Conclusions
The existence of racial disparities in health services utilization in US gentrifying neighborhoods demonstrates a need for policy-relevant solutions to create a more equitable distribution of health resources.

Objective
In this study, we examined associations between county-level measures of structural racism and county-level cancer incidence and mortality rates between race groups while accounting for factors associated with cancer rates and county-level measures of environmental burden.


Methods
To explore this relationship, we conducted multiple linear regression analyses. Data for these analyses came from an index of county-level structural racism and publicly available data on 2015 to 2019 age-adjusted cancer rates from the US Cancer Statistics Data Visualization Tool, 2019 County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, the Environmental Protection Agency's 2006 to 2010 Environmental Quality Index, and 2015 to 2019 estimates from the US Census American Community Survey.


Results
County-level structural racism was associated with higher county cancer incidence rates among Black (adjusted incidence rate: 17.4, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 9.3, 25.5) and Asian/Pacific Islander populations (adjusted incidence rate: 9.3, 95% CI: 1.8, 16.9) and higher mortality rates for American Indian/Alaskan Native (adjusted mortality rate [AMR]: 17.4, 95% CI: 4.2, 30.6), Black (AMR: 11.9, 95% CI: 8.9, 14.8), and Asian/Pacific Islander (AMR: 4.7, 95% CI: 1.3, 8.1) populations than White populations.


Conclusion
Our findings highlight the detrimental impact of structural racism on cancer outcomes among minoritized populations. Strategies aiming to mitigate cancer disparities must embed processes to recognize and address systems, policies, laws, and norms that create and reproduce patterns of discrimination.

<p class="Pa7"><strong>Background: </strong>Poor grip strength is an indica­tor of frailty and a precursor to functional limitations. Although poor grip strength is more prevalent in older disabled African American women, little is known about the association between race and poverty-relat­ed disparities and grip strength in middle-aged men and women.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined the cross-sectional relationship between race, socioeconomic status as assessed by household income, and hand grip strength in men and women in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study. Gen­eral linear models examined grip strength (maximum of two trials on both sides) by race and household income adjusted for age, weight, height, hand pain, education, insurance status, family income, and two or more chronic conditions.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Results: </strong>Of 2,091 adults, 422(45.4%) were male, 509(54.8%) were African American, and 320 (34.5%) were living in households with incomes below 125% of the federal poverty level (low SES). In adjusted models, African American women had greater grip strength than White women independent of SES (low income household: 29.3 vs 26.9 kg and high income household: 30.5 vs. 28.3kg; P&lt;.05 for both); whereas in men, only African Americans in the high income household group had better grip strength than Whites (46.3 vs. 43.2; P&lt;.05).</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The relationship between grip strength, race and SES as assessed by house­hold income varied in this cohort. Efforts to develop grip strength norms and cut points that indicate frailty and sarcopenia may need to be race- and income-specific.</p><p class="Pa7"><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2016;26(4):493-500; doi:10.18865/ ed.26.4.493</p>

Objective
To evaluate the potential of using specific biopsychosocial instruments in capturing data on the relationship between stress and obesity and determine if job satisfaction influences the effect estimate.


Participants
Fifty-three Black employees at a Historically Black College and University (HBCU).


Methods
Logistic regression analyses were used to determine associations.


Results
Initially, perceived stress is not associated with obesity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.36). The dimension of job satisfaction related to contingent/performance-based rewards had a negative significant relationship with obesity (AOR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.37-0.96). The relationship between perceived stress and obesity became positively significant in the presence of job satisfaction related to contingent/performance-based rewards (AOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.02-1.84).


Conclusions
Results indicate that perceived stress in conjunction with job satisfaction related to contingent/performance-based rewards may be related to obesity. This underscores the need for further investigation of obesity, stress, and job satisfaction among HBCU employees. The instruments and tools used showed promising capacity for use among this understudied population.