Suchergebnisse

The background to this book on task design is that for the past 25 years the curriculum in the UK, and subsequently teaching, has been dominated by the introduction and implementation of government national strategies. In the secondary school environment this has often led to teaching through narrow and restrictive versions of 'teaching objectives' and patterns of assessment that focus on product and external examinations rather than process and student development. This pattern of curriculum imposition is not unique to the UK of course and educators in many other settings and contexts will recognise the same pressures on teaching and learning. The danger is that pedagogic practices that promote students' learning and knowledge transformation through active participation can be largely shelved (or hidden) in favour of a passive form of knowledge acquisition through transmission assessed by recall of knowledge gleaned from others or the mastery of technical skills.

Las galeras fueron el instrumento marítimo más efectivo en la lucha naval en el Mediterráneo durante el siglo XVI. Aunque la monarquía hispánica trató de competir en este campo con el imperio turco, finalmente, se tuvo que contentar con desarrollar una estrategia defensiva. El autor analiza la decadencia de las galeras después de 1574, matizando la tesis de Gilmartin. ; Les galeres foren l'instrument marítim més efectiu en la lluita naval a la Mediterrània durant el segle XVI. Tot i que la monarquia hispànica va intentar competir en aquest camp amb l'imperi turc, finalment, es va haver d'acontentar a desenvolupar una estratègia defensiva. L'autor analitza la decadència de les galeres després de 1574, tot matisant la tesi de Gilmartin. ; The galleys were the most effective maritime instrument in the naval fight in the Mediterranean Sea during the 16th century. Although the Hispanic monarchy tried to compete with the Turkish Empire, finally, it had to be content by developing a defensive strategy. The author analyzes the decay of the galleys after 1574, changing Gilmartin thesis slightly.

[ES] Las Cortes de Castilla de 1592-98 fueron con mucho las más largas del reinado de Felipe II, y las más dificultosas. Su propia duración hacía deseable y, a la vez, facilitaba un esfuerzo extraordinario por parte del gobierno para influir en la actuación de la asamblea. Pero, asimismo, posibilitaba la formación de una oposición organizada con un proyecto político coherente. El análisis detallado de las pautas de voto de los procuradores permite descubrir la existencia de determinadas agrupaciones políticas dentro de las Cortes y poner de manifiesto las bases ideológicas de la política opositora, así como los intereses, tanto en la corte como en las ciudades, que reflejaba en el crespúsculo del gobierno de Felipe II. ; [EN] The Cortes of 1592-98 were by far the longest and most difficult parliament of Philip II's reign. That very length both called for and facilitated an unparalleled effort at management by ministers of the Crown. It also made possible the formation within the assembly of an organised opposition with a coherent political programme. The close analysis of the voting behaviour of the proctors permits the reconstruction of definable political groupings within the Cortes and reveals the ideological bases of an oppositional position, as well as pointing to the political interests in the court and in the country which lay behind it as Philip II's government limped to its end.

Reflexión sobre otra visión de la historia de las Cortes de Castilla de finales del siglo XVI y del siglo XVII

Reflexión sobre El final de las Cortes de Castilla

Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are used as lubricants and coolants in the manufacturing operations. Their biodeterioration, while in operation, is a widespread problem leading to poor performance and worker health issues. Adding biocides, though effective in reducing microbial growth, leads to the production of more recalcitrant wastewaters that are difficult to dispose or recycle on-site. Increasing environmental concerns have led to robust legislation for reducing/eliminating the use of toxic biocides in MWFs, stimulating a growing interest in the development/application of alternative biological preservation strategies. In this study, inducing nutrient imbalance was investigated for controlling microbial growth in MWFs. Phosphorus was immobilized employing insoluble La2O3 to form LaPO4. Concentrations of La2O3 greater than 0.08%w (%w = weight percent) completely inhibited microbial growth (from 1.4 × 107 to 0 CFU/mL) and hindered biodegradation. Raman spectroscopy suggested that La2O3 converted intracellular phosphorus into LaPO4. The growth inhibition potentials of both 0.06%w La(NO3)3 and La2O3 were found to be superior to formaldehyde. The antimicrobial property of La2O3 (i.e., inhibition) was tenable by adding sufficient phosphate, acting as an on/off switch for controlling microbial growth in MWFs. This technology offers the potential to reduce/eliminate the use of biocides in MWFs, improves the feasibility of end-of-life biological treatment, and closes the water loop.

The few studies conducted in Europe to date suggest that little attention is paid to pre-service teacher preparation for family-school partnerships (FSP) and that many teachers feel unprepared for such work. In England there has been little research in this area but a government review of best practice in parental involvement with schools concluded that '(t)eachers often lack the confidence and knowledge to work with parents …'. Given the apparent discrepancy between the need for teachers to be more knowledgeable about FSP and the lack of opportunity within initial teacher education (ITE) programmes to address the issues, we carried out a national survey of ITE providers in England in order to ascertain what provision is currently on offer. Our findings indicate that while there is overall recognition of the value of preparing trainee teachers to become confident and knowledgeable about home-school partnerships, ITE providers feel constrained by the lack of time available to them to explore this area in greater detail. The article concludes by discussing some of the challenges of both planning and delivering effective FSP provision within the ITE curriculum and how this might relate to future professional learning.