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Abstract This essay argues that by challenging the rectitude of American intervention in Vietnam, The Quiet American is the means by which Greene criticises the American exceptionalism of the post-World War 2 era. It shows how the nation's exceptionalism is built upon a fantasy of American idealism that masks the true intentions hidden behind America's crusade against Communism. It proposes also that Greene uses his novel to highlight the existence of a European exceptionalism as potent as its transatlantic equivalent, and one much overlooked in contemporary discourse on Vietnam. The crux of Greene's critique is located in Alden Pyle. Propped up by what Said describes as "structures of attitude and reference", the article argues that Pyle's rhetoric and actions demonstrate the blind commitment to American exceptionalism that Greene challenges in the text. The essay uses Donald Pease's concept of the State of Exception to draw a parallel between the British journalist Thomas Fowler and Pyle to argue that in orchestrating the assassination of the latter, Fowler adopts the moral purpose that had prompted much of the American aid worker's actions throughout the novel. It argues that this European version of exceptionalism comes from what Greene believed to be the suitability of European powers to oversee change in Vietnam, one that America was ill-equipped to handle. The essay ends by suggesting that The Quiet American was not so much what Diana Trilling described as "Mr Greene's affront to America", but an attempt to defend Europe amidst the onset of American dominance.

AbstractThis essay argues that by challenging the rectitude of American intervention in Vietnam, The Quiet American is the means by which Greene criticises the American exceptionalism of the post-World War 2 era. It shows how the nation's exceptionalism is built upon a fantasy of American idealism that masks the true intentions hidden behind America's crusade against Communism. It proposes also that Greene uses his novel to highlight the existence of a European exceptionalism as potent as its transatlantic equivalent, and one much overlooked in contemporary discourse on Vietnam. The crux of Greene's critique is located in Alden Pyle. Propped up by what Said describes as "structures of attitude and reference", the article argues that Pyle's rhetoric and actions demonstrate the blind commitment to American exceptionalism that Greene challenges in the text. The essay uses Donald Pease's concept of the State of Exception to draw a parallel between the British journalist Thomas Fowler and Pyle to argue that in orchestrating the assassination of the latter, Fowler adopts the moral purpose that had prompted much of the American aid worker's actions throughout the novel. It argues that this European version of exceptionalism comes from what Greene believed to be the suitability of European powers to oversee change in Vietnam, one that America was ill-equipped to handle. The essay ends by suggesting that The Quiet American was not so much what Diana Trilling described as "Mr Greene's affront to America", but an attempt to defend Europe amidst the onset of American dominance.

This paper explores the embodied migration experiences of Indian Muslim craftsmen from the city of Saharanpur (U.P.), as they seek work and opportunities across the country. Their lives are played out on the fringes of the state and provide challenges to common assumptions within both, Indian government and academic discourses on North Indian Muslims which tend towards narratives of marginalisation, confinement and ghettoisation. The paper also calls for additional work on the little developed category of 'Muslim labour in India'. In the early 1980s a combination of government policy and increased competition resulted in a decline in Saharanpur's large wood carving industry which had, until then, seen rapid growth and drawn in large quantities of labour from the city and surrounding areas. Whilst the industry would recover, workers and craftsmen had already started to build up migration networks and a 'culture of migration' had developed which persists to this day. This experience has had a profound effect on the social and economic circumstances of those involved. The paper follows two craftsmen, Mustaqin Ansari and Mohammad Sajid, in an exploration of these networks, and describes the ways in which the craftsmen themselves relate to and embody migration experiences. Whilst the paper utilises a variety of data, including surveys and interviews, the primary narrative is drawn from the researcher's own participation in work and migration during journeys with these two friends and others from Saharanpur to various areas of the country.

Thomas Ross: "Der Tod des heiligen Baumes". Bericht aus dem innersten Indien. Carl Hanser Verlag, München 1991. 360 S., 39,80 DM

American environmentalists have long held Edward Abbey in high regard for his provocative and polemic writing. His unapologetic style and prominent position in the canon of American nature writers has been heralded as a leading response to institutionalized exploitation of the natural world.Yet Abbey's abrasive disposition and radical politics have earned him many detractors and critics. While his writing was often intentionally confrontational, his views on immigration reform proved too inflammatory for many when they first appeared to a mass audience in his 1988 book One Life at a Time, Please. For Abbey, the human consumption of natural resources was exacerbated by overpopulation. Unchecked immigration led to a higher percentage of people settling in the Borderlands region of the American Southwest that Abbey revered and thus led to the overconsumption he wished to avoid. In Desert Solitaire, one of his most popular works, the author advocates against further development of national parks so that they may be kept remote and pristine.While I intend to show how his anti-immigration viewpoint is faulty on its own, when read with his earlier work on conservation it becomes even more problematic. The proposed Secure Our Borders First Act (HR399) that is moving through the U.S. House of Representatives highlights why the problems and contradictions running throughout Abbey's work are still at the forefront of conservation and border issues. HR399 proposes massive "improvements" to national parks within 100 miles of the U.S./Mexico border in the hopes that will curb immigration through these wilderness spaces. This paper will seek out why conservation has changed from a democratic ideal into a process that actively works to exclude populations seen as undeserving.

American environmentalists have long held Edward Abbey in high regard for his provocative and polemic writing. His unapologetic style and prominent position in the canon of American nature writers has been heralded as a leading response to institutionalized exploitation of the natural world.Yet Abbey's abrasive disposition and radical politics have earned him many detractors and critics. While his writing was often intentionally confrontational, his views on immigration reform proved too inflammatory for many when they first appeared to a mass audience in his 1988 book One Life at a Time, Please. For Abbey, the human consumption of natural resources was exacerbated by overpopulation. Unchecked immigration led to a higher percentage of people settling in the Borderlands region of the American Southwest that Abbey revered and thus led to the overconsumption he wished to avoid. In Desert Solitaire, one of his most popular works, the author advocates against further development of national parks so that they may be kept remote and pristine.While I intend to show how his anti-immigration viewpoint is faulty on its own, when read with his earlier work on conservation it becomes even more problematic. The proposed Secure Our Borders First Act (HR399) that is moving through the U.S. House of Representatives highlights why the problems and contradictions running throughout Abbey's work are still at the forefront of conservation and border issues. HR399 proposes massive "improvements†to national parks within 100 miles of the U.S./Mexico border in the hopes that will curb immigration through these wilderness spaces. This paper will seek out why conservation has changed from a democratic ideal into a process that actively works to exclude populations seen as undeserving.

"Since the 18th century, researchers and scientists from various countries have traveled the Russian Far East. Their exhaustive descriptions and detailed reports are still considered some of the most valuable documents on the ethnography of the indigenous peoples of that part of the world. These works inform us about living conditions and par ticular ways of natural resource use at various times, and provide us with valuable background information for current assessment. As the first profound anthropological descriptions of that region, the publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, undertaken in the first years of the 20th century, marked the beginning of a new era of research in Russia. Jochelson's work The Yukaghir and the Yukaghirized Tungus, for which he also draws on results of his earlier fieldwork in that area, was an important milestone for Russian and North American anthropology that provides to this day a unique contribution to thoroughly understanding the cultures of northeastern Siberia"--Back cover

Leadership is important to health science education. For program effectiveness, directors should possess leadership skills to appropriately lead and manage their departments. Therefore, it is important to explore the leadership styles of programs' leaders as health science education is undergoing reform. Program directors of two and four-year health information management programs were surveyed to determine leadership styles. The study examined leadership styles or frames, the number of leadership frames employed by directors, and the relationship between leadership frames and their perceptions of their effectiveness as a manager and as a leader. The study shows that program directors are confident of their human resource and structural skills and less sure of the political and symbolic skills required of leaders. These skills in turn are correlated with their self-perceived effectiveness as managers and leaders. Findings from the study may assist program directors in their career development and expansion of health information management programs as a discipline within the health science field.

Risk estimates for food‐borne infection will usually depend heavily on numbers of microorganisms present on the food at the time of consumption. As these data are seldom available directly, attention has turned to predictive microbiology as a means of inferring exposure at consumption. Codex guidelines recommend that microbiological risk assessment should explicitly consider the dynamics of microbiological growth, survival, and death in foods. This article describes predictive models and resources for modeling microbial growth in foods, and their utility and limitations in food safety risk assessment. We also aim to identify tools, data, and knowledge sources, and to provide an understanding of the microbial ecology of foods so that users can recognize model limits, avoid modeling unrealistic scenarios, and thus be able to appreciate the levels of confidence they can have in the outputs of predictive microbiology models. The microbial ecology of foods is complex. Developing reliable risk assessments involving microbial growth in foods will require the skills of both microbial ecologists and mathematical modelers. Simplifying assumptions will need to be made, but because of the potential for apparently small errors in growth rate to translate into very large errors in the estimate of risk, the validity of those assumptions should be carefully assessed. Quantitative estimates of absolute microbial risk within narrow confidence intervals do not yet appear to be possible. Nevertheless, the expression of microbial ecology knowledge in "predictive microbiology" models does allow decision support using the tools of risk assessment.