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Economic agents all over the world are trying to maximize their returns given their efforts, resources, and opportunities. They come together in markets that ultimately allocate goods and services among many competing interests. We can readily see how individual markets behave; it's more difficult, but exponentially more important, to recognize the general equilibrium across all markets. Disturbances in one market have implications for others. These interrelationships are particularly important to understand when policy changes are being considered where actions in one market will impose changes on other markets, and not always in obvious or pleasant ways. Understanding Economic Equilibrium reveals how all markets fit together, and how we as individuals fit into that bigger picture. The authors have prepared a Quick Quiz to Test Your Economics Savvy. But don't be concerned if you don't get a perfect score. You'll find the answers and all the supporting information in Understanding Economic Equilibrium.

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This article assesses Afghanistan's Presidential Election of 2019. Analyzing official data from the Afghan Independent Election Commission (IEC), it examines voting patterns at both the national and provincial levels and compares these results with those of past elections. It draws on statistical methods to evaluate Afghan electoral procedures, focusing in particular on the practice of ballot invalidation and voter suppression as well as the role of ethno-linguistic voting blocs. The analysis reveals highly unusual voting patterns and other dynamics that point to significant irregularities and fraud. The article concludes with a number of recommendations for future Afghan elections.

AbstractThis article draws on interview and documentary data from three anti-incinerator campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou to examine how urban middle-class homeowners respond to potential local health hazards. It illustrates how and why campaigners shifted from a heavily localized "not-in-my-backyard" (NIMBY) approach that opposed incinerators based on their siting towards a much broader critique of incineration that exploited weaknesses in waste management policy. Although public health concerns remained central during the course of the three campaigns, how they were presented changed as campaigners developed expertise through self-study. This enabled them to construct an alternative narrative about incineration and present their arguments from a public interest perspective, thus deflecting the pejorative NIMBY label.

This article draws on interview and documentary data from three anti-incinerator campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou to examine how urban middle-class homeowners respond to potential local health hazards. It illustrates how and why campaigners shifted from a heavily localized "not-in-my-backyard" (NIMBY) approach that opposed incinerators based on their siting towards a much broader critique of incineration that exploited weaknesses in waste management policy. Although public health concerns remained central during the course of the three campaigns, how they were presented changed as campaigners developed expertise through self-study. This enabled them to construct an alternative narrative about incineration and present their arguments from a public interest perspective, thus deflecting the pejorative NIMBY label. (China Q/GIGA)

In order to hold polluters accountable through stimulating public participation, the Chinese government has progressively strengthened its environmental information disclosure (EID) policy. This article sets out China's emerging EID policy before examining the implications for the country's environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Government promotion of EID has created additional space for civil society. As well as promoting better access to information, environmental NGOs have started using disclosed information to pressurise local governments and enterprises. Although a stronger EID policy represents an important step towards a more vibrant civil society, NGOs are constrained in acting on information due to political and institutional limits.