Suchergebnisse

VTT Technology 255 ; The deployment of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) throughout the transportation system is expected to significantly shape the current structures and operating models. Infrastructure, vehicles and end-user handsets are becoming increasingly intelligent and instrumented with sensors and broadband connectivity, which in turn enables a wide range of smart mobility services. This evolution trend is also challenging the public sector to renew itself and create new policies, new ways to organize services and regulate the market. In relation to this evolution trend, the Ministry of Transport and Communications has launched the Traffic Lab development program the goal of which is to enable the creation of an ecosystem of smart mobility services, and which also provides a context for this study. In this study we use different modelling frameworks to analyse how the evolution towards an open ecosystem model for smart mobility services could occur in Finland. Two evolution paths in particular are described, the first being a more centralized path where centrally controlled public services are gradually liberalized, following possibly a similar evolutionary path what took place in the evolution of 1st and 2nd generation mobile communications. The second is a more decentralized path, where fragmented and isolated solutions are loosely coupled in a similar manner to that which occurred in the evolution of the Internet. In order for smart mobility services to reach their full potential, many changes are needed in current organizational structures and legislation. New collaboration models are needed between the public and private sectors and between existing sub-sectors of the transport system. While it remains uncertain how quickly these changes will eventually occur in full scale, it is evident that the upscaling of smart mobility solutions requires multiple points of intervention and is not likely to emerge by market forces alone. ; Tieto- ja viestintätekniikan hyödyntäminen lisääntyy kiihtyvää vauhtia koko liikennejärjestelmässä, ja sen odotetaan tulevaisuudessa muokkaavan merkittävästi nykyisiä rakenteita ja toimintamalleja. Liikenneinfrastruktuurin ja ajoneuvojen digitalisoituminen mahdollistaa uudenlaisia älykkään liikkumisen palveluja ja luo pohjan uudelle liiketoiminnalle. Kehitys haastaa myös julkista sektoria uudistumaan ja luomaan uusia tapoja järjestää palveluja ja edistää markkinoiden syntymistä. Tähän muutokseen liittyen liikenne- ja viestintäministeriö on käynnistänyt Liikennelabra-ohjelman, jossa tavoitteena on mahdollistaa älykkäiden liikkumispalveluiden ekosysteemin syntyminen. Tässä raportissa hyödynnetään erilaisia mallinnusmenetelmiä ja pyritään kuvaamaan sitä, miten kehitys kohti avointa älykkäiden liikkumispalveluiden ekosysteemiä voisi tapahtua Suomessa. Raportissa kuvataan erityisesti kaksi kehityspolkua, joista ensimmäinen on keskitetympi ja jälkimmäinen hajautetumpi. Keskitetymmässä kehityspolussa julkisia liikennepalveluja vapautetaan asteittain samaan tapaan kuin 1. ja 2. sukupolven matkapuhelinverkoissa. Hajautetummassa kehityspolussa eristyksissä olevista, sirpaloituneista palveluista muodostuu löyhästi kytkeytynyt avoin verkosto, jossa mallina käytetään avoimen internetin kehittymistä. Jotta älykkään liikkumisen palvelut saavuttaisivat täyden potentiaalinsa, tarvitaan useita muutoksia nykyisiin organisaatiorakenteisiin sekä lainsäädäntöön, mm. yhteistyömalleja julkisen ja yksityisen sektorin välille.

Demand for wireless data and Internet services are expected to grow exponentially, in advanced and emerging markets in the near future. While advanced countries have often used centralized planning and coordination methodology to forecast and allocate the associated spectrum blocks to wireless operators for meeting demand, often its ad-hoc in emerging markets dictated by market forces. In this paper, the authors construct a casual model to represent the different variables that affect spectrum management practices and highlight possible paths forward. Using the causal model structure, they hypothesize that emerging countries with their unique market structure and legacy of spectrum management are better suited to create active secondary markets. The authors cite early market indicators in India such as the adoption of national roaming by the wireless broadband operators and the use of multi-SIM handsets by subscribers that tend to support our hypothesis.

Decision-makers in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry lack knowledge about the implementation of digitalisation to generate value. We applied a scenario planning method developed by Schoemaker and Mavaddat to provide decision-makers with information for using digital data and technologies to create value for customers. We aim to theoretically understand how the scenario planning process helps AEC decision-makers to make sense of the future. Our findings show that boundary spanners are needed for steering the discussions among industry actors toward shared knowledge about the technological, social, economic and political changes needed at the industry level to optimise the benefits of digitalisation. Our findings also show that boundary spanners apply scenario figures as boundary objects to cross knowledge boundaries. Based on our findings, we theoretically conceptualise scenario planning as a boundary-spanning activity that enables AEC decision-makers from different fields to sharetacit knowledge and to cross knowledge boundaries. The practical implication is that scenario planning provides a method for AEC decision-makers to make sense of the changes needed to realise the preferred future for the industry. ; Peer reviewed

To examine the cognitive and physical changes associated with consuming an energy drink concurrent to video gaming, we examined a convenience sample of nine elite League of Legends (LoL) e-sport players (21 ± 2 y, BMI 25.6 ± 3.4 kg/m2) consuming an energy drink (ReloadTM) or placebo (Placebo) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Participants completed the same test battery prior to treatment consumption and after playing each of three competitive LoL games. Primary outcomes included measures of attention (Erikson Flanker Test), reaction time (Go/No-Go test) and working memory (n-back test). Secondary outcomes examined fatigue (hand grip strength and finger tap speed). Statistical analysis was performed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) and reported as the mean (standard deviation [SD]) or mean change (95% confidence interval [CI]). Participants reported sleeping 8.1 (1.2) h/night, playing LoL 10.3 (2.1) h/d, playing other video games 1.8 (2.8) h/d, and exercising 4.2 (1.7) times per week. Overall, we observed no significant time, group, or group-by-time interactions for any measured performance index with the exception of a significant improvement for the n-back test, where the Reload group demonstrated a significant within-group improvement: Reload [−171 ms (95% CI, −327.91, −14.09), p < 0.004], Placebo [−92 ms (95% CI, −213.63, 29.63)]. However, no between-group differences were noted (38.50 ms, 95% CI, −141.89, 64.89, p = 0.803). Our findings suggest that elite eSport athletes do not demonstrate a mental or physical improvement in performance relative to the treatment supplement or indices measured in this study.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Overview -- Part I the language of food (In)security -- 1. Navigating the Language of Food Systems -- 2. Tracing the Discourses of Food (In)security -- Part II. Engaging Communities Case Studies -- 3. The Warnersville Community Food Task Force -- 4. The Downtown Greensboro Food Truck Pilot Project -- Part III. Mobilizing Resources Case Studies -- 5. The Warnersville Community Garden -- 6. The Mobile Oasis Farmers Market -- Part IV Documenting Process Case Studies -- 7. Ethnosh -- 8. Kitchen Connects GSO -- Part V Sustaining Conversations Case Studies -- 9. The Guilford Food Council -- 10. The Renaissance Community Co-op -- Conclusion Securing food for a Just future -- Appendix A: Warnersville Community Food Task Force Project Concept -- Appendix B: Blank Model Partner Wheel -- Appendix C: Mobile Oasis Recipes by Anita Cunningham -- Appendix D: Guilford Food Council Charter -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Index -- About the Authors and Contributors

Report of the independent expert panel ; Launched in 1994, the Fourth Framework Programme (FP4) covering research and demonstration aimed to improve the security of energy supply and to reduce the impact of the production and use of energy on the environment, in particular CO2 and the other greenhouse gases. Other important EU objectives were also addressed including strengthening the technological basis of the energy industry (e.g. employment and export potential), improving European social and economic cohesion and contributing to co-operation with third countries. It also supported research on overall energy RTD strategy in the inter-disciplinary area of energy-environment-economy. Six years after the Programme's launch, at a stage when most of the projects have been completed, and the Sixth Framework Programme is being planned, it was considered appropriate to assess not only the scientific and technical quality of the completed projects, but also their impact on society, the economy and the environment. The present analysis was organised to allow quick feedback for the preparation of the new Framework Programme. This was achieved by convening a panel of ten experts from different Member States. Using questionnaires, project final reports and direct contacts where necessary, the Panel investigated the expected overall impact by examining the scientific and technical results as well as the social and economic impact of a sample of about 90 already finished Non-Nuclear Energy projects, most of them three years ago (time necessary to expect some concrete results), representing in total a e84 million investment by the Commission. The contribution to Community policies, particularly emphasised in the present Framework Programme, as well as the Programmes's addition to European Added Value were both explored. The results of this impact assessment of about one-fifth of the projects funded under the Non-Nuclear Energy Programme of the Fourth Framework Programme for the period 1994-1998 (better known as JOULE), were ...