Suchergebnisse

There is a need to further examine and enhance knowledge concerning the relationship among El Niño and La Niña cycles, drought events, and grain production in the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Kazakhstan (RUK) region, which accounts for more than one third of total wheat exports. This report contributes to close this knowledge gap. A data-driven analysis is utilized to gain a better understanding of (a) the potential impact on grain production of droughts linked to the El Niño/La Niña phenomenon in RUK, (b) RUK governments' policy response to those events and how domestic and regional grain markets are affected, and (c) the implications for food security and poverty in the RUK region. The results from the analysis suggest that the RUK region's response to climatic events including droughts must change from reactive to preventive and predictive. It must also consider a broad range of interventions to manage risk. Emerging digital technologies offer unique predictive and diagnostic capabilities that can be coupled with climate-smart agriculture to improve resilience to El Niño and La Niña events

SummaryThis study uses data from the March Supplement Current Population Survey (CPS) to examine the wage differential against gay men from 1995 to 2011 in the United States. A wage equation is estimated using the Heckman two‐stage method, which addresses the sample selection bias inherent in wage equation estimations. We find evidence that in the United States the wage gap against gay men has significantly decreased over the last two decades. We also find that evidence that the wage gap has become concentrated in three occupations: managerial, sales, and protective services. We conclude that the evidence is most consistent with the hypothesis that discrimination is decreasing, and possibly non‐existent and that any lingering discrimination is based on the taste for discrimination by employees against being managed by a gay man and by customers.

SUMMARYThis paper develops an economic analysis of infidelity concentrating on the question of how cheating behavior differs between men and women. We develop an expected utility model that borrows from evolutionary biology to form expectations regarding behavior towards infidelity. We use U.S. data from the General Social Survey (GSS) and a Probit model to assess some characteristics of the respondent and his or her spouse that determine the probability of having an extramarital affair. While biology may form basic preferences, some of our results are consistent with the view that people are able to act on more than their base biological instincts alone. Hence, economic theory has a role to play in the understanding of behavior relating to infidelity. More specifically, this study identifies age, social class, individual's own education and the spouse's educational attainment as underlying factors affecting infidelity behavior depending on gender. In general, we find that men and women respond differently to the costs and benefits of having an affair.

Charitable giving by households in the United States is significant. More than two thirds of households self-report giving. Private giving represents more than 2% of total gross domestic product (GDP) and is a significant factor in funding the nonprofit sector. This research note documents giving across U.S. states. It adds detailed data and analysis supporting and supplementing research that identifies personal income, capital gains, religious group affiliation, age, volunteerism, and educational attainment as the main factors affecting household giving.

Este artigo discute os efeitos da integração nacional à luz da teoria do crescimento endógeno. Neste sentido, avalia-se como diferentes hipóteses sobre a difusão de conhecimento e qualificação de mão-de-obra afetam as trajetórias do produto, do capital e do consumo. Mostra-se que na ausência de difusão de conhecimento a integração entre regiões desiguais faz com que aquela mais atrasada se especialize na produção de bens manufaturados, enquanto a outra permanece diversificada na produção de manufaturados e de novos projetos, governando a trajetória de crescimento de ambas as regiões. Por outro lado, se a difusão de conhecimento ocorre, ambas as regiões continuam engajadas na produção de bens manufaturados e de novas tecnologias. Além do mais, a integração nacional tem efeitos positivos sobre a trajetória de crescimento independentemente da difusão de conhecimento.