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Ethnopharmacological relevance The documentation and protection of traditional knowledge face new challenges in the era of open science. Focusing on medicinal and food uses, we discuss two innovative initiatives in Spain to document, protect and return to the society traditional knowledge. Materials and methods The Spanish Inventory of Traditional Knowledge related to Biodiversity has compiled and published information on the traditional use and management of flora, fauna, fungi, geodiversity, and ecosystems. CONECT-e (www.conecte.es) is an online platform where citizens can document knowledge and uses of wild and domesticated species. We describe the extent of these initiatives in terms of participation and accomplishment, and discuss their complementarities and challenges. Results The initiatives described have fostered the establishment of a common standard for organizing traditional knowledge in databases that facilitate knowledge documentation: 131,066 uses and 152,246 local names have been documented so far. Using open data and copyleft licenses, these initiatives also contribute to the maintenance of traditional knowledge in the commons domain, guaranteeing the free exchange and reproduction of knowledge. However, the extensive focus of these initiatives on data sharing does not necessarily guarantee knowledge holders¿ data sovereignty. Conclusion To protect TEK in a context of open science more efforts should be done to operationalize traditional knowledge holders' rights to data sovereignty. ; Research leading to this paper has received funding from 1) the Spanish government through the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CSO 2014-59704-P), the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (202005000018) and the ministries responsible for the Environment and Agriculture (TEC0003351, TEC0003909, and TEC0004583); 2) the Catalan government (project 2016SGR1116); 3) the Fundación Biodiversidad; and 4) the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC-PRO2017-2021-S02-VALLES). ; Abstract Keywords 1. Introduction 2. Spanish inventory of traditional knowledge related to biodiversity 3. Conect-e online platform 4. Protecting TEK in the era of open science 5. Conclusion Author's contributions Acknowledgments References