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This paper mainly discusses the determination of the responsible parties of inland waters oil spill damages. Firstly, the article enumerates the legislative pattern of the regulations on inland waters pollution as well as comparison of the various paradigms. Secondly, it analysis the pollution sources which resulting in the inland waters oil spill. Finally, the article discussed the methods of determination of responsible parties in various inland waters oil spill accidents according to China's tort liability law and relevant laws and regulations.

Studies on transnational multilingual families and their language planning have mostly investigated their language ideologies and practices in relation to heritage language maintenance without exploring how such families view their multilingualism and how it might affect their language planning. Most studies have also exclusively focused on the experiences of transnational multilingual families residing in Europe and North America, with those living in other regions receiving comparatively little attention. This article reports on a qualitative study involving four transnational multilingual families located in China. Data were collected via a combination of semi-structured interviews and audio/video recordings. The study investigated the extent to which the participating families' multilingualism mediated their language planning, as well as how they related to their multilingualism in its totality. The findings revealed that the families had a complex relationship with their multilingualism and saw it as a source of opportunities but also anxiety.

AbstractMany governments worldwide offer various types of consumer‐specific subsidy programs, such as a trade‐in subsidy (TS) program that targets existing consumers only, a consumption subsidy (CS) program that covers both new and existing consumers with undifferentiated subsidy levels, or a mixed subsidy (MS) program that targets the two consumer segments with differentiated subsidy levels. However, which program is more beneficial to social welfare and other stakeholders is largely unknown. In this paper, we establish a game‐theoretic model to explore the impacts of these subsidy programs on different stakeholders (i.e., the firm, consumers, the environment, and social welfare). Interestingly, we uncover that the TS and MS programs have equal effectiveness in stimulating demand (collecting old products) from existing consumers, whereas the CS and MS programs have relative advantages in expanding the total demand from both new and existing consumers. We further find that (i) when product durability is low, the flexible MS scheme can lead to a quadruple‐win for all stakeholders, (ii) when product durability is moderate, the MS scheme is better for social welfare and the environment, whereas the CS scheme benefits the firm and consumers more, and (iii) when product durability is high, the MS scheme can achieve a triple‐win for the firm, consumers, and social welfare, whereas the CS scheme is better for the environment. Moreover, we identify the differential impacts of each program on different stakeholders when considering that the earmarked subsidy is limited and a secondary market exists. Our findings not only shed light on why the TS, CS, and MS programs are all likely to be adopted in practice but also provide helpful guidelines for governments aiming to offer a more effective subsidy program.

ABSTRACTAs observed in real‐world practices, trade‐ins can be offered by either the manufacturer or the retailer. The party offering the trade‐in program faces the trade‐off between the fixed trade‐in cost incurred and the additional revenue generated. By conducting a game‐theoretic study, we analytically explore in this article the optimal choice of trade‐in provider in a dyadic supply chain with a single manufacturer and a single retailer. We show that the trade‐in models can bear a much higher manufacturing cost and induce a higher new product sale than the benchmark case without trade‐ins. It is possible that both the manufacturer and retailer prefer to undertake the trade‐in program, which would lead to a conflict; or both firms prefer to be a free rider instead of being the trade‐in provider, which would fall into a prisoner's dilemma. Moreover, the powerful manufacturer has an incentive to delegate the trade‐in service to the retailer when facing a higher fixed trade‐in cost, but the delegation option is always worse off for the retailer compared to the scenario in which the retailer provides trade‐ins by herself. We also show that the trade‐in scenarios always benefit the environment and consumers of the replacement segment, but hurt the primary segment consumers. The social welfare would actually be higher in the scenarios with trade‐ins if the fixed trade‐in cost is relatively low and the residual value of old products is relatively high.

Hydrogenolytic cleavage of the ring-fused cyclopropane 11 using hydrogen in the presence of platinum oxide afforded the gem-dimethylated cyclohexane 12 in 99 % yield. In contrast, analogous treatment of congener 13 afforded only trace amounts of the targeted and gem-dimethylated sesquiterpene (+)-viridianol (1), the major products of reaction now being the vic-dimethylated compound 14 and the 2-fold ring-cleavage product 15. ; The authors thank the Australian Research Council and the Institute of Advanced Studies for financial support. FT and PL are the grateful recipients of funding provided by the CSC of the Government of the People's Republic of China.

A total synthesis of the title sesquiterpene 4 is described that starts with the chiral, non-racemic cis-1,2-dihydrocatechol 10 obtained through the whole-cell biotransformation of p-iodotoluene. Compound 10 is elaborated over seven steps, including Negishi cross-coupling and intramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA) cycloaddition reactions, to ketone 7 that engages in a photochemically promoted 1,3-acyl migration and so affording cyclobutanone 6. Compound 6 was converted over further steps into the title compound 4. ; We thank the Australian Research Council and the Institute of Advanced Studies for financial support. F.T. and P.L. are the grateful recipients of funding provided by the CSC of the Government of the People's Republic of China.