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This paper mainly discusses the determination of the responsible parties of inland waters oil spill damages. Firstly, the article enumerates the legislative pattern of the regulations on inland waters pollution as well as comparison of the various paradigms. Secondly, it analysis the pollution sources which resulting in the inland waters oil spill. Finally, the article discussed the methods of determination of responsible parties in various inland waters oil spill accidents according to China's tort liability law and relevant laws and regulations.

ABSTRACTAs observed in real‐world practices, trade‐ins can be offered by either the manufacturer or the retailer. The party offering the trade‐in program faces the trade‐off between the fixed trade‐in cost incurred and the additional revenue generated. By conducting a game‐theoretic study, we analytically explore in this article the optimal choice of trade‐in provider in a dyadic supply chain with a single manufacturer and a single retailer. We show that the trade‐in models can bear a much higher manufacturing cost and induce a higher new product sale than the benchmark case without trade‐ins. It is possible that both the manufacturer and retailer prefer to undertake the trade‐in program, which would lead to a conflict; or both firms prefer to be a free rider instead of being the trade‐in provider, which would fall into a prisoner's dilemma. Moreover, the powerful manufacturer has an incentive to delegate the trade‐in service to the retailer when facing a higher fixed trade‐in cost, but the delegation option is always worse off for the retailer compared to the scenario in which the retailer provides trade‐ins by herself. We also show that the trade‐in scenarios always benefit the environment and consumers of the replacement segment, but hurt the primary segment consumers. The social welfare would actually be higher in the scenarios with trade‐ins if the fixed trade‐in cost is relatively low and the residual value of old products is relatively high.

Hydrogenolytic cleavage of the ring-fused cyclopropane 11 using hydrogen in the presence of platinum oxide afforded the gem-dimethylated cyclohexane 12 in 99 % yield. In contrast, analogous treatment of congener 13 afforded only trace amounts of the targeted and gem-dimethylated sesquiterpene (+)-viridianol (1), the major products of reaction now being the vic-dimethylated compound 14 and the 2-fold ring-cleavage product 15. ; The authors thank the Australian Research Council and the Institute of Advanced Studies for financial support. FT and PL are the grateful recipients of funding provided by the CSC of the Government of the People's Republic of China.

A total synthesis of the title sesquiterpene 4 is described that starts with the chiral, non-racemic cis-1,2-dihydrocatechol 10 obtained through the whole-cell biotransformation of p-iodotoluene. Compound 10 is elaborated over seven steps, including Negishi cross-coupling and intramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA) cycloaddition reactions, to ketone 7 that engages in a photochemically promoted 1,3-acyl migration and so affording cyclobutanone 6. Compound 6 was converted over further steps into the title compound 4. ; We thank the Australian Research Council and the Institute of Advanced Studies for financial support. F.T. and P.L. are the grateful recipients of funding provided by the CSC of the Government of the People's Republic of China.