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Coming out individu lesbian, gay dan biseksual (LGB) sering digambarkan dalam naratif Barat sebagai pengalaman individu yang ingin kebebasan. Namun, naratif ini dilihat sebagai kurang praktikal atau relevan bagi sesetengah individu LGB dalam masyarakat kolektivistik. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk meneroka pengalaman coming out individu LGB di Malaysia, dari segi motivasi, strategi komunikasi dan faktor perbezaan individu. Temu bual semi berstruktur dijalankan ke atas lima (5) orang peserta berbangsa Cina. Analisis tematik menunjukkan bahawa hubungan menjadi asas untuk coming out iaitu adanya perasaan selamat dan kerapatan, wujud kejujuran dan setia dalam hubungan, bagi mendapatkan sokongan dan bimbingan serta coming out keluarga dalam keadaan khusus. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa coming out dalam masyarakat kolektivistik seringnya bukan mengenai ekspresi kendiri, tetapi sebagai proses yang berterusan untuk menguruskan kepelbagaian identiti dan persilangan budaya. Hasil kajian ini membantu bergerak daripada ton mono-budaya dalam kajian LGBT lepas yang dilakukan di negara Barat dan mencadangkan hala tuju baru untuk kajian masa depan tentang pengalaman LGB di Malaysia.

PurposeAlthough considerable consumer research has focused on family purchase decision‐making in families in Western countries, only limited attention has been paid to family purchase decision‐making within Eastern cultures. This study was designed to explore for the possible differences and similarities in spousal influences in different cultural environments by comparing Singaporean family purchase decision‐making process to that of US families.Design/methodology/approachQuota sampling was adopted to generate primary data for the examination of Singaporean spousal influence in family purchase decision‐making; data previously reported on US spousal families was used to compare with the primary data collected in Singapore.FindingsDifferences in marital values between Singaporean husbands and wives were found to be associated with differences in perceived patterns of influence throughout the family decision‐making process. The findings indicate that family purchase decision‐making is a culture‐specific phenomenon. The study found that the level of egalitarianism, which usually indicates a more syncratic or cooperative family purchase decision‐making, was associated positively with higher levels of education and income.Research limitations/implicationsThis study revealed a positive relationship between joint decisions and the level of egalitarianism, however, such evidence is still limited. To depend the understanding of spousal influences in family purchase decision‐making in different cultural environments, future research may need to go beyond demographics to include more cognitive, psychological as well as social environmental factors, such as the involvement level, the time a spouse spent alone for shopping, the love, affection, trust and confidence a spouse would have for or earned from another spouse, the importance a spouse would attach to his or her marriage and family, etc.Originality/valueThe paper offers insight into family purchase decision‐making within Easlern countries.

To access publisher full text version of this article. Please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links field. ; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predicted to become the third most common cause of death and disability worldwide by 2020. The prevalence of COPD defined by the lower limit of normal was estimated using high-quality spirometry in surveys of 14 populations aged ≥ 40 yrs. The strength and consistency of associations were assessed using random effects meta-analysis. Pack-years of smoking were associated with risk of COPD at each site. After adjusting for this effect, we still observed significant associations of COPD risk with age (OR 1.52 for a 10 yr age difference, 95% CI 1.35-1.71), body mass index in obese compared with normal weight (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.37-0.67), level of education completed (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.67-0.87), hospitalisation with a respiratory problem before age 10 yrs (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.42-3.91), passive cigarette smoke exposure (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.05-1.47), tuberculosis (OR 1.78, 95%CI 1.17-2.72) and a family history of COPD (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.19-1.90). Although smoking is the most important risk factor for COPD, other risk factors are also important. More research is required to elucidate relevant risk factors in low- and middle-income countries where the greatest impact of COPD will occur. ; ALTANA Aventis AstraZeneca Boehringer-Ingelheim Chiesi GlaxoSmithKline Merck Novartis Pfizer Schering-Plough Sepracor University of Kentucky Boehringer Ingelheim China (Guangzhou, China) Turkish Thoracic Society Pfizer (Adana, Turkey) Merck Sharpe Dohme Salzburger Gebietskrankenkasse Salzburg Local Government (Salzburg, Austria) Research for International Tobacco Control International Development Research Centre South African Medical Research Council South African Thoracic Society GlaxoSmithKline University of Cape Town Lung Institute (Cape Town, South Africa) Landspitali-University Hospital GlaxoSmithKline Iceland AstraZeneca Iceland (Reykjavik, Iceland) GlaxoSmithKline ...

To access publisher's full text version of this article, please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links field or click on the hyperlink at the top of the page marked Files. This article is open access. ; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a commonly reported cause of death and associated with smoking. However, COPD mortality is high in poor countries with low smoking rates. Spirometric restriction predicts mortality better than airflow obstruction, suggesting that the prevalence of restriction could explain mortality rates attributed to COPD. We have studied associations between mortality from COPD and low lung function, and between both lung function and death rates and cigarette consumption and gross national income per capita (GNI). ; National COPD mortality rates were regressed against the prevalence of airflow obstruction and spirometric restriction in 22 Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study sites and against GNI, and national smoking prevalence. The prevalence of airflow obstruction and spirometric restriction in the BOLD sites were regressed against GNI and mean pack years smoked. ; National COPD mortality rates were more strongly associated with spirometric restriction in the BOLD sites (<60 years: men rs=0.73, p=0.0001; women rs=0.90, p<0.0001; 60+ years: men rs=0.63, p=0.0022; women rs=0.37, p=0.1) than obstruction (<60 years: men rs=0.28, p=0.20; women rs=0.17, p<0.46; 60+ years: men rs=0.28, p=0.23; women rs=0.22, p=0.33). Obstruction increased with mean pack years smoked, but COPD mortality fell with increased cigarette consumption and rose rapidly as GNI fell below US$15 000. Prevalence of restriction was not associated with smoking but also increased rapidly as GNI fell below US$15 000. ; Smoking remains the single most important cause of obstruction but a high prevalence of restriction associated with poverty could explain the high 'COPD' mortality in poor countries. ; Wellcome Trust 085790/Z/08/Z ALTANA Aventis AstraZeneca Boehringer-Ingelheim Chiesi ...