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The British domination over Assam began in 1826 and it brought changes in the political, economic and social environment of the region. The British began to face health problem as the climate of Assam was different from the other parts of British India. At the initial stage the British tried their best to save their lives from various epidemic diseases.During late 19th Century the British took measures to prevent different kind of disease. Some of the diseases like cholera, malaria, diarrhea, Kalazar, small pox had endangered the lives of the native people as well as the Europeans. Many among the Europeans either died or left the state because of the epidemic disease . The British were concerned to their health so much so that every naval dispatch which arrived in India accompanied by the European doctors. Even the American Baptist Mission which came in Assam, were taking precaution in selecting their residential area. They selected Sibsagar as their head quarter because it had a physician ; they also selected those places for their early settlement where at least some people had managed to acquire some elementary understanding of medicine . Slowly, the British settle down in the different nook and corner of the state and began to look after the sick people. They have also given detail information about flora and fauna and cultural practices of the new territory. They gradually began to redefine the things which they saw in terms of their own trainings and perceptions. Their work encompassed not only the understanding and possible conquest of new diseases but also extension of western cultural values to the rest of the world

Antibiotic resistant pathogens are booming in community and healthcare institutions worldwide. Increasing resistance to modern antimicrobials not only limits the treatment options, but also leads to severity of infections and increases the costs of hospitalization. Recent estimates predict that economic losses incurred due to infections of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens are incalculable, but mortality and morbidity rates are increasingly becoming more significant rendering MDR pathogens soon to be the leading cause of deaths worldwide [1]. The most devastating situation is the complete disaster of the entire health care system, where antimicrobial drugs will not only stop working against simple infections, but all types of surgeries and transplantation will also face a complete failure because of the attacks of resistant pathogens on vulnerable organs.Pakistan is a developing country with compromised healthcare infrastructure and economic conditions. Lack of access to basic healthcare facilities and unhygienic life style add up to worsen the conditions. There exists deep deficit in understanding and compliance of biosafety issues in community, academic and healthcare institutions in Pakistan. The rampant use of medicine is on the rise. Medicines are sold in grocery stores and by bus hawkers [2]. Lack of education and poor financial conditions incite people to buy such substandard drugs and ultimately misuse them.The malpractice of medicine has challenged the very efficacy of these magic drugs i.e; the antibiotics. Antibiotic abuse is directly linked to the emerging resistance in bacteria. Resistance is booming in bacteria even to the last line antibiotics carbapenems. The sub-continental carbapenem resistant superbug, NDM-1, is rapidly disseminating in clinical [3], and non-clinical environments in Pakistan [4].NDM-1 stands for New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme. Which belongs to class B, one of the four beta-lactamase enzymes molecular classes that hydrolyse the most important and most widely used group of antimicrobials in clinical practice i.e; the beta-lactam antibiotics. NDM-1 has zinc ions in its active site, unlike other molecular classes of beta-lactamases (A, C, D), that have serine residue at their active site.NDM-1 was first identified in a Swedish tourist to India when he was hospitalized in New Delhi and diagnosed with an untreatable infection, which later was named NDM-1. NDM-1 was identified in 2008 [5], and was reported as predominant carbapenemase in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh [3]. NDM-1 harbouring bacteria have been found resistant to all available antibiotics which are in clinical use. NDM-1 gene being residing on plasmid can readily be shared between bacteria even not closely related. ARG (antibiotic resistance genes) when reside on mobile genetic elements (plasmids, transposons, integrons) can easily disseminate between bacterial population [6]. Even these genes can be taken up by normal flora and can donate them to pathogenic bacteria at times. Since HGT (horizontal gene transfer) and clonal expansion of antibiotic resistant bacteria is facilitated by sub-standard medical practices in Pakistan [7], there is an extremely threatening environment of potential epidemics of drug resistant bacteria.In Pakistan, which is among the lowest spending countries on healthcare in the world, such epidemics will lead to a complete disaster. And since infectious diseases respect no borders this could circumvent other countries too. There is an urgent need of the day to make legislations on proper use of antibiotics so that people should not be deprived of the blessings of these wonder drugs. If prompt actions were not taken these superbugs will bring a complete disaster to the health care system.

This research examines the impact of authentic leadership style on project success through mediation effects of psychological empowerment and job engagement in the software industry of Pakistan. Data were collected from 343 self-reports of employees working on different software projects in Pakistan. As per results, authentic leadership enhanced project success directly and indirectly through the serial-mediation effects of psychological empowerment and job engagement. The current findings contribute to prior literature in many ways: (i) social exchange theory—by identifying new antecedents and outcomes of job engagement; (ii) leadership literature—by offering an integrated framework with psychological empowerment and job engagement as two explanatory mechanisms (mediators) linking the under researched authentic leadership to project success; (iii) project management literature—by unwrapping new antecedents (i.e., authentic leadership, psychological empowerment, and job engagement) to project success; offers an empirical case for the potential applications of the undermined leadership style, authentic leadership, in the software sector.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oil seed crop with a considerable acreage of cultivated hybrids in Pakistan. Sunflower crops depend on insect pollination for seed setting, as it attracts diverse pollinator fauna, mainly due to pollen and nectar availability. This study was conducted in the agricultural landscape of Multan, Pakistan, to evaluate the role of native and social bees in sunflower seed production. The abundance and diversity of pollinators were assessed. Effectiveness was tested regarding foraging behavior, including visitation rate, stay time, and seed set efficacy for single and multiple visits (5, 10, 15). Additionally, various reproductive success parameters were recorded: flower head (pseudanthium) diameter, flower head weight, seed weight/flower head, and number of seed/flower head. The results showed that the relative abundance of honey bees was the highest (77%) in both years, followed by solitary bees (17%), while syrphid flies were the least abundant (6%) on sunflower. Among honey bees, Apis mellifera and A. dorsata were the most abundant in both years, followed by the solitary bee Xylocopa sp. Furthermore, in single and multiple seed set efficacy (5 and 10 visits), the solitary bee Xylocopa sp. produced the maximum seeds, followed by A. mellifera. Higher seed production could be achieved with a focused conservation plan of solitary and managed bees on sunflower.

Carbon Dioxide emissions are not suitable for human health, and it also creates hurdles in the economic growth of any economy. The current study aims to reinvestigate the impact of greenhouse gases like CO2 emissions, including other gases, in the cement industry of Pakistan and its outcome in the shape of an increase in the health expenditures of the citizens. The study employs the ARDL methodology to find the empirical results in the short and long run. For the empirical analysis, the study used time-series data from the WDI database and covered the range from 1990 to 2019. The study finds a strong relationship between CO2 emissions from the cement industry, health expenditures, and economic growth in Pakistan. There is a uni-directional causality running from CO2 emission to health expenses in both the short and long run. The present study makes a significant contribution to the literature on industrial economics and energy economics and its effects on the well-being of people in society. The study explains the changes in the health expenditures of people by considering the emission of CO2 from the cement industry, which is a new dimension in the case of Pakistan. Moreover, the study suggested that the government and policymakers should make environment-friendly and eco-friendly policies to clean the environment for better health and high economic growth. The government should encourage investors to invest in green technology to increase production capacity and improve the environment.

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the extent to which corporate board attributes influence dividend payout policies.Design/methodology/approachA total number of 2,842 firm's year-observations of Malaysian non-financial firms representing from various industries. The firms were scrutinized over a period of 14 financial years covering from 2005 to 2018. The data was in a panel form given the cross-sectional and time-series nature. The fixed effect is used as the main technique for analysis. The OLS and random effects techniques are used for robustness for this study.FindingsThe results revealed that the proportion of board independence, board tenure, board size and CEO duality have a positive and statistically mixed effect on dividend pay-out. However, the corporate board diversity and board member age had a negative association with dividend payouts. Overall, the results suggest that firms with well-organized corporate board attribute affect positively on dividend pay-out policy.Originality/valueThis research contributes to a nuanced understanding of internal governance mechanisms by presenting evidence of the substitution hypothesis in an emerging economy in which firms operate within a unique regulatory framework and board composition.

This study investigates the implementation of the service management quality standards set by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) government at primary health care facilities (PHCFs) in district Kohistan. Primary data through a questionnaire was collected from 42 functional PHCFs of district Kohistan. A total of 142 responses were recorded which includes 42 responses from the incharge of PHCFs and 100 from the patients who attended PHCFs facilities. Simple descriptive statistics were used to analyze this collected data. Most of the service management standards were not met in rural health centers (RHCs) However, the state of affairs at Civil Dispensary (CDs) and Basic Health Unit (BHUs) was terrifying. This study identifies the weak areas which require quality enhancement. This study suggests quality improvement in Primary Care Management Committee, A list of notifiable diseases, Essential Equipment, Rubbish Pit, waiting area, SOPs and Guidelines, and Duty roaster, Copy of Job Description, Guidelines for Risks, and Hazards and Patient's Feedback Mechanism and Complaint Box. This study suggests that the KP government must defy trouble areas identified by the current study to improve health facilities in PHCFs.This will also reduce the patient's pressure in tertiary health facilities.