Suchergebnisse

It is an established fact that there is strong association between investment and economic growth of a country but no such direct consensus had been developed on the type of investment. i.e. what are the different sectors in which investment has led to long term impact and did contributed to the growth. The current study in this regard will focus on investigating the relationship of Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Private Investment with the growth. The study will use data from 1980-81 to 2015-16 in this regard and employ Johansen cointegration to investigate the long run relationship. It is found that with foreign direct investment, health expenditure and transport and communication expenditure has negative relationship in the long run. Where as private investment, education expenditure and expenditure on housing has positive relationship with growth. Based on these findings recommendations were totally investment centric with primary focus on reduction in taxes and other barriers to bring in more investment in long run. Beside taxation, recommendations were made on administrative balance both in tax system and public sectors which were made part of provincial domain after 18th amendment.

Background: Dispute resolution is the process through which conflicts, misunderstandings are handled. It is an effective process for smooth functioning of any sort of organization. It further helps in maintain peace in the society as well as organization. Objective: This study seeks to appraise and evaluate the effectiveness of Dispute Resolution Councils (DRCs) in the select districts of KhyberPakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Methods: The effectiveness of ADR forums is gauged through magnitude of satisfaction and trustof beneficiaries accessing its services as well as affordability and timeliness of dispensation of justice to them. Findings: It was found that DRCs have become highly consequential to the peacemaking due to impartial setup and theprovision of equal opportunity to parties involved in any case. Conclusion: Despite the overall success of DRCs, they are still affected byproblems such a poor documentation, infrastructure, lack of training and most importantly the absence of any enforcement mechanism of their decisions. Implication: This study puts forth various reforms that may include the standardization of documents, provision of sufficient capital and adequate infrastructure, and auguring the role of these avenues to strengthen the implementation of their decisions.

Background: South Asian countries still maintained barriers to trade including regulatory restrictions on Foreign Direct Investment, non-tariff barriers and lack of banking channels. These restrictions are not only affecting the regional trade integration but also affecting the transfer of skills and technology among the member countries. Objectives: This study examines the factors that are inhibiting the development of regional integration for Pakistan in South Asia. Methods: The study conducted interviews of business community in Karachi and Peshawar regarding regional trade, investment and value chains. Result: The results pointed out that political difference with neighboring countries affect the regional integration in the form of lower trade and investment volume. Engaging in value chains is a way forward to promote trade flows and regional integration which will be beneficial for the trading partners in terms of economic growth and employment. Conclusion: Pakistan contains weak investment outlay in South Asia as currently investment agreements with only Bangladesh and Sri Lanka existed. The reasons for lower FDI inflows in Pakistan include lack of political stability, inadequate infrastructure and non-transparent government regulations. Implications: This study provides tentative picture of regional trade and investment in South Asia and the result generated can be used by concerned authorities, investors of those areas. Recommendations: Simplifications in investment laws, piracy of intellectual property, relaxing current account restriction and single channel for streamlining information regarding support, opportunities, investment and market rules and regulations can enhance the investment volume.