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Biodiversity encompasses different constructions of 'nature', 'economy' and 'livelihood' that contain tensions between different sets of social and ethical concerns, economic or political preferences, scientific and technological systems, traditions and knowledge. Biodiversity Policy, therefore, is an important space where the competing dynamics of these processes can be observed. Using a constructivist approach, this literature review identifies and analyses particular variables that influence policy formulation in the context of India's two main biodiversity policies: The Biodiversity Act and the National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan. The dependant model of the overall analytical framework is to explain participatory policy formulation with regard to biodiversity and the goal achievement of the actors involved. The goal of this paper is to identify the mechanisms of influence that explain a distinct process of policy formulation. These mechanisms of influence are identified first as norm diffusion through regimes - specifically the role of policy entrepreneurs and framing exercises, cultural and institutional structures-, and second, as domestic actors operating within an advocacy coalition. The research is based on expert interviews with key researchers and policy makers. The research attempts to capture the dynamic movement and interpretation of ideas as they move between the international and domestic spheres. This paper is both theoretical and empirical, as it brings in initial results from the field. It elucidates how policy processes have been constructed in certain ways and are influenced both by the international context and ideational components of domestic policy networks.

Digital India is the beginning of digital rebellion. It is a vision which is created by the Government of India to make sure that government services are made available to citizens electronically, even in remote areas, by improving online infrastructure and by increasing Internet connectivity. The programme has one mission and one intention that are to take nation forward digitally and economically. The proposal will enable people to get engaged in the innovation process which is needed by the economy to move forward. But to implement this is a great challenge. There are many roadblocks in the way of its successful implementation like digital illiteracy, poor infrastructure, low internet speed, lack of harmonization among various departments, issue pertaining to taxation etc . These challenges need to be addressed in order to realize the full potential of this programme. It requires a lot of pains and dedication from all departments of government as well as private sector. If implemented properly, it will open various new opportunities for the citizens of the country. Sunayana Jotiram Jadhav "Opportunities & Challenges - Digital India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Conference on Digital Economy and its Impact on Business and Industry , October 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18689.pdf

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- Figures -- Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1: Nature of ethics -- 1.1 Three perspectives on ethics -- 1.2 Meta-ethics -- 1.2.1 Are ethics real or not? -- 1.2.2 Are ethical assertions actual moral assertions or just expressions of emotions? -- 1.2.3 Can moral facts, if they exist, be reduced to ethical behaviour? -- 1.2.4 Is there such a thing as morals? -- 1.3 Normative ethics -- 1.3.1 Virtue ethics theory -- 1.3.2 Teleological ethics -- 1.3.2.1 Utilitarianism -- 1.3.2.2 Moral scepticism of hedonists -- 1.3.2.3 Rights theory of ethics -- 1.3.3 Deontological ethics -- 1.3.3.1 Kant's principle of categorial imperative -- 1.3.3.2 Ethical intuitionism -- 1.3.3.2.1 David Ross's prima facie duties -- 1.4 Applied ethics -- 1.5 Summary -- Discussion questions -- Cases discussion -- Case 1 -- Case 2 -- Discussion questions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: Making sense of ethics -- 2.1. Ethics and related concepts -- 2.1.1. Values, morals, ethics -- 2.1.2. Morals, morality, and moral philosophy -- 2.1.3. Ethics and ethos -- 2.1.4. Ethics and law -- 2.1.5. Ethics and professionalism -- 2.2. Why do people want to be ethical or not -- 2.2.1. Moral agency -- 2.2.2. Social cognitive theory of morality -- 2.2.3. Kohlberg's moral development theory -- 2.2.3.1. Level 1: Preconventional level -- 2.2.3.2. Level 2: Conventional level -- 2.2.3.3. Level 3: Postconventional or principled level -- 2.2.4. Why do people engage in unethical conduct? -- 2.2.4.1. Exercise: Heinz's dilemma -- 2.3. Summary -- Discussion questions -- Case discussion -- Case 1 -- Case 2 -- References -- Chapter 3: Research and ethics in research -- 3.1. Connecting with the world around -- 3.2. Research is about seeking -- 3.3. The (practical) research.

Abstract
Food consumption patterns and practices are undergoing changes in the mega-cities of South and Southeast Asia. Based on a qualitative, comparative case study, this article examines food consumption practices among middle-class households in Bangalore and Metro Manila. We demonstrate how taste preferences, shaped by and shaping food consumption practices, directly relate to increases in meat consumption, food packaging and household food waste—all areas of environmental significance. Taste preferences, which evolved over time, are explained through three inter-related dimensions: (a) the competencies involved in preparing food or eating out; (b) the material dimension of consumption, or products available in sites of food consumption; and (c) the different meanings attached to what makes for a tasty meal. The differences and similarities in food consumption practices between each research site provide insights into how food consumption practices might shift towards more sustainable pathways in Bangalore and Metro Manila, and in similar settings.

BACKGROUND: The presence of oral symptoms and signs in many systemic diseases is not uncommon knowledge. Investigations that explore the relationship between systemic diseases and their oral manifestations are of particular interest to dentists, as this enables them to be better clinicians with an acumen to recognize, treat, or refer patients with the systemic disease to general physicians. This study was undertaken to understand the oral manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with an emphasis on oral mucosal lesions, dental caries, and periodontitis. METHODS: A single institutional cross-sectional survey was conducted from September 2017 to July 2018 on a sample of 500 SLE patients attending the Institute of Rheumatology, Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai. The dentition status, periodontal status, and oral mucosal lesions were assessed by a single trained and calibrated examiner using the World Health Organization (WHO) proforma, 2013. Besides, disease activity in SLE patients was assessed by rheumatologists using the SLEDAI index with a cutoff score of more than 4 indicating the presence of active disease. Demographic characteristics including age, gender, occupation, monthly income, and education status were assessed using a questionnaire. Data were entered into an Excel Sheet and all statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: In the present study, the prevalence of dental caries was found to be 87.6% in patients with SLE. The prevalence of severe periodontitis defined as the presence of at least one tooth with a 6 mm or deeper pocket was found to be 85% and the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was found to be 86%. The prevalence percentage for dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral mucosal lesions were found to be higher than the rates reported for the general population in India. Patients with active SLE had a higher prevalence of dental caries, periodontitis, and oral mucosal lesions than patients ...

ABSTRACT
By prohibiting subsidies that support illegal, unregulated, or unreported fishing activities and contribute to the unsustainable depletion of marine resources, the 2022 Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS) is the first World Trade Organization (WTO) treaty to recognize that a specific trade policy instrument can have adverse consequences for the global commons. We assess the AFS as such and through the lens of the broader challenge confronting WTO members in determining how to address subsidy spillovers and adapt trade policy rules to protect the global commons. While the AFS is a step forward for the WTO, definitions of what constitutes a subsidy and the approach taken to ensure transparency are those that have been part of the WTO since 1995 and have become the cause for contestation and calls for reform. We suggest ways in which birth defects can be addressed while implementing and expanding the coverage of the agreement.