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Investigating rankings in the field of business education, we aim to examine field structuration process to understand how categories build symbolic value in an institutional field. We selected twenty reputed business schools from Pakistan and the United Kingdom (UK) through purposive sampling method. Adopting the concept of data triangulation, we gathered empirical evidences through interviews with business school marketing managers, academic experts in the field of marketing and reputation, and with industry experts. This data was further supplemented by variety of secondary sources such as internal student surveys, annual reports, newsletters and industry reports to perform a thematic analysis adopted in this study. Thematic analysis helped us to develop a model of institutional work and field level change by emphasizing on the key role categorization systems (rankings) in shaping perceptions of symbolic value (reputation). Our findings suggest, categorization tools create a contest at different levels. Consequently, it redefines the perception about value in the field. The current study may be useful for academia and Higher Education policy-makers by providing them with a theoretical understanding of categorization systems such as university rankings and the changing perception of value in the field.

This essay explores the right upper limb rehabilitation with the use of innovative technologies. It focuses on the consideration of what technologies are currently available and highlights the physiotherapy and occupational therapy tools that can be integrated together. After the stroke, rehabilitation therapy is essential for the patient's improvement. Therefore, it is important to have a tool that helps with the rehabilitation therapy of the right upper limb. As an appropriate tool, technology innovation is considered and researched. This essay discusses the thoughts, ideas, applications, and designs of technology innovations in the right upper limb rehabilitation. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy are two different rehabilitations focusing on the same problem, which means they can be integrated together. Having tools that integrate both physiotherapy and occupational therapy together will help with the patient's recovery. Innovative technology trends that can be used in the rehabilitation of the right upper limb are researched and discussed in this essay. Only the upper limb rehabilitation is being considered, while the lower limb rehabilitation is neglected. In addition, it focuses mainly on stroke patients, and other diseases that affect the upper limb are neglected. Tools that are designed to help with the right upper limb rehabilitation are discussed. For the tools, there must be a consideration of whether the tool is for rehabilitating the right upper limb or whether the technology is integrated together for rehabilitating the right upper limb. In addition, whether the tool is designed or something that already exists is also considered. Most tools are designed and newly developed technologies. Some tools are already in use and are being improved by the new technology approach. Another consideration is whether the technology is focusing on the end-user, which is essential for the technology innovation on the rehabilitation tools being explored (Batista e Siqueira et al., 2024). The focus of the technology tools is to provide rehabilitation to the end-user, who is the patient. It is important that tools used in rehabilitation are adaptive and easy to use to help the rehabilitation process.

Enterprise education and training play a pivotal role in bridging workforce skills and improving the performance of small businesses. Considering the significant role of small businesses, this study attempts to investigate how small manufacturing units improve their performance using training methods. Therefore, for this study mixed-method approach was adopted to find the relationship between both variables. In the first part of the methodology, face to face, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with business owners and managers. Furthermore, survey questionnaires were carried out to find the relationship between both variables. For a mixed-method approach, 26 owners/managers were interviewed, and 136 respondents were identified from food and furniture manufacturing units with several employees who comes on the definition of small firms. The results of the study confirm in small firms positively impacted the individual performance and overall non-financial turnover of employees. The study concludes with future recommendations for academicians and policymakers.

The current study aims to examine how and why actors contest the business education field through rankings. Inspired by the field structuration process and field level change, we argue that categorization systems, in this case, rankings, construct boundaries of the business education field and redefine authority and elites for the field. Ten highly ranked Pakistani business schools were selected through a purposive sampling method. For the thematic analysis adopted in the current study, we collected empirical evidence mainly through interviews with the directors of accreditation and ranking bodies, deans, and marketing directors of business schools. The interview data was also supplemented by secondary data such as internal student surveys, business school's annual reports, and other relevant sources of data. The current study showed institutional work in the business education field. Through categorization systems, actors use their authority to challenge the existing social order and define the uncontested space of the business education field in developing countries. Actors then populate the uncontested space with new members thus legitimizing new rules and standards for the field and promoting new elites for the field thus creating new social order.