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May 1968 meant for youth a turn in their ways of representing and acting. Likewise, it meant the complex transformation of cultural, political and economic discourses of which the representation of the divinity was not an exception. This article will describe how Bernardo Bertolucci and Pier Paolo Pasolini represented the divine figure in the context of the Italian 68. As a song by Francesco Guccini states, God is dead but the desire for his resurrection still exists. The analysis focuses on two short films from the collective film Amore e rabbia (1969): "Agonia" by Bertolucci and "The sequence of the fiore di carta" by Pasolini. The analysis shows that far from wishing and declaring divinity's their death, both authors call into question the divine existence and its relevance in a world characterized by suffering and injustice as well as by solidarity and love. It is in the contradictory interstice between love and rage that the relationship of these directors with the divinity happens. ; Mayo de 1968 significó para la juventud un giro en sus modos de representarse y actuar. Asimismo, significó la compleja transformación de discursos culturales, politicos y económicos de la que la representación de la divinidad no fue una excepción. El presente artículo describirá cómo Bernardo Bertolucci y Pier Paolo Pasolini representaron la figura divina en el contexto del 68 italiano. Como afirma una canción de Francesco Guccini, dios está muerto pero el deseo de su resurrección existe. El análisis se enfoca en dos cortometrajes del film colectivo Amore e rabbia (1969): Agonia de Bertolucci y La sequenza del fiore di carta de Pasolini. El análisis muestra que lejos de desear y declarar su muerte, ambos autores se cuestionan (cuestionándola) la existencia divina y su pertinencia en un mundo caracterizado tanto por el sufrimiento y la injustica como por la solidaridad y el amor. Es en el intersticio contradictorio entre el amor y la rabia que la relación de estos directores con la divinidad acaece.

AbstractA general view in philosophy of science says that the appropriateness of an object to act as a surrogate depends on the user's decision to utilize it as such. This paper challenges this claim by examining the role of surrogative reasoning in high-throughput sequencing technologies (technology-driven surrogates) as they are used in contemporary microbiome science. Drawing on this, we argue that, in technology-driven surrogates, knowledge about the type of inference practically permitted and epistemically justified by the surrogate constrains their use and thus puts a limit to the user's intentions to use any object as a surrogate for what they please. Ignoring this leads to a serious epistemic misalignment, which ultimately prevents surrogative reasoning. Thus, we conclude that knowledge about the type of surrogate reasoning that the technologies being used allow is fundamental to avoid misinterpreting the consequences of the data obtained with them, the hypothesis this data supports, and what these technologies are surrogates of.

COVID-19 has substantially affected our lives during 2020. Since its beginning, several epidemiological models have been developed to investigate the specific dynamics of the disease. Early COVID-19 epidemiological models were purely statistical, based on a curve-fitting approach, and did not include causal knowledge about the disease. Yet, these models had predictive capacity; thus they were used to ground important political decisions, in virtue of the understanding of the dynamics of the pandemic that they offered. This raises a philosophical question about how purely statistical models can yield understanding, and if so, what the relationship between prediction and understanding in these models is. Drawing on the model that was developed by the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, we argue that early epidemiological models yielded a modality of understanding that we call descriptive understanding, which contrasts with the so-called explanatory understanding which is assumed to be the main form of scientific understanding. We spell out the exact details of how descriptive understanding works, and efficiently yields understanding of the phenomena. Finally, we vindicate the necessity of studying other modalities of understanding that go beyond the conventionally assumed explanatory understanding.

AbstractThis paper introduces the reconstitutor as a comprehensive unit of heredity within the context of evolutionary research. A reconstitutor is the structure resulting from a set of relationships between different elements or processes that are actively involved in the recreation of a specific phenotypic variant in each generation regardless of the biomolecular basis of the elements or whether they stand in a continuous line of ancestry. Firstly, we justify the necessity of introducing the reconstitutor by showing the limitations of other evolutionary conceptions of the unit of heredity, such as the replicator, the reproducer, and the Darwinian individual. We argue that these conceptions are based on the requirement of lineage formation (Stability of Lineages), which we argue to be unnecessary for the existence of evolutionary heredity. In the second part, we introduce the reconstitutor, which we base on the concept of Stability of Traits, and illustrate how it covers cases of hereditary phenomena (small RNAs, microbiota) not covered by the previous accounts. Secondly, we illustrate how the reconstitutor could serve as a platform to rethink ecological inheritance and other forms of inheritance that have been recently introduced under the song/singer model of evolution.

We analyze the strategic interaction between undercapitalized banks and a supervisor who may intervene by preventive recapitalization. Supervisory forbearance emerges because political and fiscal costs undermine supervisors' commitment to intervene. When supervisors have lower credibility, banks' incentives to voluntary recapitalize are lower and supervisors may end up intervening more. Importantly, when intervention capacity is constrained (e.g. for fiscal reasons), private recapitalization decisions become strategic complements, producing equilibria with extremely high forbearance and high systemic costs. Anticipating forbearance in response to diffuse undercapitalization, banks may ex ante choose more correlated risks, a form of "serial gambling" undermining the supervisory response.

The authors used the random response technique (RRT) to measure frequency of induced abortion in Mexico, where its practice is illegal under most circumstances. They applied RRT to a national, multistage probabilistic sample of 1,792 women ages 15 to 55. The distribution of women who reported having had an induced abortion was analyzed by sociodemographic characteristics. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with having had an induced abortion. Overall prevalence of induced abortion was 16.3 percent. Three factors were associated with reported induced abortion: having grown up in the city (bivariate odd ratio [OR] 2.16, multiple logistic OR 2.24), having never given birth (bivariate OR 1.60, multiple logistic OR 2.06), and having had an unwanted pregnancy (bivariate OR 2.09, multiple logistic OR 2.81). RRT produced a better estimation of induced abortion compared with other methodologies. This technique works best with urban and educated women.

This work was supported by the Education and Research Service of the Madrid regional government and the European Social Fund [grant numbers PEJD-2017-PRE/SOC-4289 and PEJD-2018-PRE/SOC-8898] . ; Although consumption-based asset pricing constitutes a solid body of work for the purpose of relating asset prices and macroeconomics, most empirical tests put into question the representative investor perspective. Furthermore, most approaches accounting for untraded risks, such as the Constantinides-Duffie model, face the problem of correctly quantifying idiosyncratic risk. In this paper we exploit the strong relationship of income inequality with trade openness and research and development (R&D) investment to proxy the cross-sectional variance of consumption growth by the growth rate of imports plus exports (trade openness) and the growth of the domestic expenditure in R&D. Moreover, we use these variables as a part of the information set used by investors to determine the unconditional version of the conditional consumption-capital asset pricing model (CCAPM). Our results show that both trade openness and R&D investment allow the linearized version of the Constantinides-Duffie model and the conditional CCAPM to greatly outperform the classic CCAPM for different sorts of stock portfolios, contributing significantly to reducing pricing errors. Hence, our results constitute a step forward in the attempt to relate asset prices and income inequality in a tractable way. ; Education and Research Service of the Madrid regional government ; European Social Fund (ESF) PEJD-2017-PRE/SOC-4289 PEJD-2018-PRE/SOC-8898

In this study, we attempt to evaluate the user pref6 erences for web design attributes (i.e., typography, color, content 7 quality, interactivity, and navigation) to determine the trust, sat8 isfaction, and loyalty for uncertainty avoidance cultures. Content 9 quality and navigation have been observed as strong factors in 10 building user trust with e-commerce websites. In contrast, inter11 activity, color, and typography have been observed as strong de12 terminants of user satisfaction. The most relevant and interesting 13 finding is related to typography, which has been rarely discussed 14 in e-commerce literature. A questionnaire was designed to collect 15 data to corroborate the proposed model and hypotheses. Further16 more, the partial least-squares method was adopted to analyze the 17 collected data from the students who participated in the test (n 18 = 558). Finally, the results of this study provide strong support to 19 the proposed model and hypotheses. Therefore, all the web design 20 attributes were observed as important design features to develop 21 user trust and satisfaction for uncertainty avoidance cultures. Al22 though both factors seem to be relevant, the relationship between 23 trust and loyalty was observed to be stronger than between satis24 faction and loyalty; thus, trust seems to be a stronger determinant 25 of loyalty for risk/high uncertainty avoidance cultures ; The authors would like to thank D. Meana and J. Castro from the University of Oviedo for web development. This work has been funded by the European Union, through the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF); the Principality of Asturias, through its Science, Technology and Innovation Plan (grants GRUPIN14-100 and GRUPIN 14-017) and the Goverment of Spain through its Ministerio de Economa y Competitividad (ECO-2014-52519-R and TIN2009-12132)