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Parliamentary democracy has been widely embraced by politicians & especially by the scholarly community but remains less widely understood. In this essay, I identify the institutional features that define parliamentary democracy & suggest how they can be understood as delegation relationships. I propose two definitions: one minimal & (or ideal-typical). In the latter sense, parliamentary democracy is a particular regime of delegation & accountability that can be understood with the help of agency theory, which allows us to identify the conditions under which democratic agency problems may occur. Parliamentarism is simple, indirect, & relies on lessons gradually acquired in the past. Compared to presidentialism, parliamentarism has certain advantages, such as decisional efficiency & the inducements it creates toward effort. On the other hand, parliamentarism also implies disadvantages such as ineffective accountability & a lack of transparency, which may cause informational inefficiencies, & whereas parliamentarism may be particularly suitable for problems of adverse selection, it is a less certain cure for moral hazard. In contemporary advanced societies, parliamentarism is facing the challenges of decaying screening devices & diverted accountabilities. 1 Figure, 52 References. Adapted from the source document.

THIS ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED THREE PERSPECTIVES ON COMMITTEES IN THE LITERATURE ON LEGISLATIVE ORGANIZATION, IN WHICH COMMITTEES ARE VIEWED AS VEHICLES FOR GAINS FROM TRADE, INFORMATION ACQUISITION AND PARTISAN CO-ORDINATION. IT SURVEYS THE STRUCTURE, PROCEDURES AND POWERS OF THESE COMMITTEES IN 18 WESTERN EUROPEAN DEMOCRACIES FROM 1990.

PARLIAMENTARY ROLES, THE BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS OR ROUTINES THAT LEGISLATORS ADOPT, CAN BE VIEWED AS STRATEGIES FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF SCARCE RESOURCES TOWARD SPECIFIC GOALS. THIS ARTICLE ARGUES THAT PARLIAMENTARY BEHAVIOR CAN BE UNDERSTOOD AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF FOUR TYPICAL AND LARGELY HIERARCHICALLY ORDERED OBJECTIVES THAT PARLIAMENTARIANS HAVE: RESELECTION, RE-ELECTION, PARTY OFFICE, AND LEGISLATIVE OFFICE. LEGISLATIVE ROLES DESCRIBE THE WAYS IN WHICH PARLIAMENTARIANS HARNESS THEIR SCARCE RESOURCES IN ORDER TO REACH THEIR GOALS. THESE STRATEGIES ARE IN TURN AFFECTED BY THE INSTITUTIONAL RULES UNDER WHICH PARLIAMENTARIANS OPERATE. THE ARTICLE EXAMINES THE SPECIFIC LEGISLATOR OBJECTIVES UNDER PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT AND DISCUSSES THE ROLES THAT DESCRIBE THE VARIOUS WAYS IN WHICH THEY PURSUE THESE GOALS.

Untersuchung der Wahlverfahren norwegischer Parteien bei der Nominierung von Kandidaten und der innerparteilichen Wahl eines Parteivorsitzenden sowie Analyse der Funktionen und der Bedeutung der Parteivorsitzenden innerhalb der jeweiligen Partei, des Regierungssystems bzw. des politischen Systems Norwegens

Analyzes the relationship between openness of trade, party competition, and economic performance in 15 advanced Western democracies. Results suggest that restraints on political competition may be less beneficial in party systems than in interest group systems. (Abstract amended)

MINORITY CABINETS ACCOUNT FOR ABOUT 35% OF ALL GOVERNMENTS IN 15 PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACIES SINCE 1945. CONVENTIONAL EXPLANATIONS ASSOCIATE MINORITY GOVERNMENT FORMATION WITH POLITICAL CRISES, INSTABILITY, POLARIZATION, FACTIONALIZATION, AND FAILURES OF INTERPARTY BARGAINING. SUCH EXPLANATIONS ARE TESTED AND FOUND LACKING IN EMPIRICAL SUPPORT. INSTEAD, MINORITY GOVERNMENTS CONDITIONS. MINORITY CABINETS FORM WHEN EVEN OPPOSITIONAL PARTIES CAN INFLUENCE PARLIAMENTARY LEGISLATION, AND WHEN GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IS LIKELY TO BE A LIABILITY IN FUTURE ELECTI THIS RATIONALIST EXPLANATION RECEIVES SUBSTANTIAL EMPIRICAL SUPPORT IN TESTS AGAINST COMPETING HYPOTHESES. THE RESULTS SUGGEST IMPORTANT MODIFICATIONS TO THEORIES OF GOVERNMENT AND COALITION FORMATION.

THROUGH THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA (EEA) AGREEMENT, NORWAY IS PART OF THE EUROPEAN UNION'S INTERNAL MARKET. THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE IMPACT OF EU INTEGRATION ON THE CHAIN OF DELEGATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE NORWEGIAN POLITICAL SYSTEM. IT DOES SO BY POINTING TO THE MAIN INSTITUTIONAL FEATURES REGULATING EACH LINK OF THE PARLIAMENTARY CHAIN, AND ASSESSING THE WAY IN WHICH THE QUESTION OF EU MEMBERSHIP/EEA AGREEMENT HAS INFLUENCED THE RELEVANT RELATIONSHIPS.

Electoral manifestos are a key instrument of democratic political parties in their quest for popular support. Here, the contents of postwar Norwegian party manifestos are examined via factorial analysis, building on the saliency theory of party competition. Of the four factors uncovered, two can be identified with the left-right dimension, one with the moral-religious axis, & one with material center-periphery conflicts. A high degree of interparty consensus & convergence is evident, particularly prior to 1970. The results are generally consistent with previous research on Norwegian mass & party politics. 5 Tables, 4 Figures, 2 Appendixes, 38 References. Modified HA