The article aims to compare the course of Soviet-Finnish wars and modern Russian-Ukrainian conflict, set the main factors and determine perspectives of its resolving.
Taking into account the historical distance the course of Soviet-Finnish wars of 1939-1940 and 1941-1944 is firstly revealed. Henceforth analysis of Soviet-Finnish and Russian-Ukrainian conflict is conducted, which led to the conclusion about heredity of character of the Russian Federation policy and its adaptation of Soviet instruments and methods of expansion to modern reality. Herewith the main factors of international and political life are defined, which determined success of Kremlin aggression against Helsinki and affect the course of Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Finally, the authors single out main integral and international (strategic and tactical) factors of decision-making for realization of the Finnish scenario in Ukraine and perspectives of resolving Russian-Ukrainian conflict.
Keywords: Soviet-Finnish war, Russian-Ukrainian conflict, annexation of Crimea, the USSR and Russian Federation external policy, Kremlin aggression, hybrid war, temporally occupied territories
The editorial board continues to publish the most important documents that characterize the state and progress of the Ukrainian national liberation movement, the attitude of other states towards this movement in the early twentieth century. The publication of the selected documents from the first three volumes of the collection of documents "Events in Ukraine 1914-1922 their Importance and Historical Background" was carried out in the 39th, 40th and 41th volumes of the Collection. Currently we are publishing our research from the fourth volume. The compilers selected 27 documents or fragments, which chronologically cover the period from October 19, 1918 to November 14, 1922. They represent the vision of the Ukrainian problem of that time by the ruling circles of Austria and Germany, reflect the final stage of Pavlo Skoropadsky's activity at the head of the Ukrainian State. Most of them reveal the historical background and efforts of the Directory, prominent figures of Ukrainian People's Republic and Western Region of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the development and preservation of Ukraine, establishing relations with the victorious states and neighbors, resistance to aggressors. Published documents shed light on the following issues: the military, political, and economic situation in Ukraine before and during the Directory's uprising against Hetman P. Skoropadsky (999, 1019, 1021, 1029, 1030); preconditions and formation of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic, difficulties of its existence at the initial stage (1003, 1004, 1005); preconditions and principles of unification of the Ukrainian States (1011, 1013); protest of Ukrainian politicians against the decision of the Paris Conference on the occupation of part of the Ukrainian lands by Poland (1015); position and first foreign policy steps of the Directory (1033); unification of the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic, their representations abroad (1049, 1050, 1059); problems of the Directory's relations with the Entente and the Ukrainоphobic regime of A. Denikin, the war with the Soviet-Russian troops in 1919-1920 (1060, 1061, 1064, 1067, 1068); international political recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic and the possibility of restoring Ukrainian statehood in 1920-1921 (1072, 1073, 1082, 1086, 1995); the political situation in Ukraine in 1922 (1109, 1115). We hope that these documents will be insightful and informative for both students and experts of international relations and the history of Ukraine in the early twentieth century. Having selected the documents from different parts of the book, we preserved their serial and page numbers, the style of the titles and captions. We also present a list of abbreviations in the original.
Редакція продовжує видання найсуттєвіших документів, які характеризують стан та поступ українського національно-визвольного руху, його бачення в інших державах на початку ХХ ст. Публікація вибраних документів з першого та другому томів збірника документів «Події 1914-1922 років в Україні: їх сенс та історичне значення» була здійснена у 39 та 40-му томах Збірника. Цього разу публікуємо матеріали з третього тому. Укладачі відібрали 37 документів чи їх фрагментів, які хронологічно охоплюють час від 6 березня по 18 жовтня 1918 року. Вони репрезентують тогочасне бачення української проблеми правлячими колами Австро-Угорщини і Німеччини, а також відображають основні етапи діяльності Павла Скоропадського на чолі Української держави у справі її внутрішньої розбудови, а також в налагодженні взаємин з Центральними та іншими державами. А саме: перші 464-626 – про проголошення Павла Скоропадського Гетьманом України та труднощі у формуванні уряду, налагодження відносин з Центральними державами та питання про прискорення ратифікації Берестейського договору тощо, соціально-політичні рухи та підривну діяльніть більшовиків в Україні. Наступні 674-822 – про дипломатичні переговори та непоступливу боротьбу Гетьмана за створення «Великої України» (і особливо цікавим тут є документ 694, який демонструє високу оцінку національно-української політики гетьманського уряду). Останні 866-951 – про відносини України з більшовиками, Румунією та іншими державами. Сподіваємося дані документи стануть у нагоді як студентам, так і дослідникам міжнародних відносин і історії України початку ХХ ст. Оскільки документи вибрані нами з різних частин книги, ми як раніше зберегли їх порядкові номери та номери сторінок, стилістику оформлення заголовків та підписів. Також подаємо перед ними список скорочень третього тому в оригіналі.
The editorial board continues to publish the most significant documents, which characterize the status and progress of the Ukrainian national liberation movement, its vision in other countries in the early 20th century. The documents from the first book «Events in Ukraine 1914–1922 their importance and historical background» were published in Volume 39 of the Scientific journal. We publish the papers from the second book in current volume. We have selected 10 documents that chronologically cover the period from January 17 to May 9, 1918, and reproduce the vision of the Ukrainian problem by the ruling circles of Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany, as well as the efforts of Ukrainian public-political figures aimed at the election of Ukraine's independence, reproduce the atmosphere of negotiations in Brest-Litovsk. The Austrian drafts of the imperial manifesto on the occasion of the peace treaty with Ukraine and the protocols of meetings of the German, Austrian and Ukrainian delegations during the preparation of the peace treaty are presented as the first 4 documents. The text of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty signed on 9February, 1918 is the fifth document. The following five documents characterize the attitude of Soviet Russia and Poland to the provisions of the Treaty, as well as Germany's attitude to the state affiliation of the Kholmshchyna. These documents will be useful for both students and researchers of international relations and history of Ukraine in the early 20th century. Whereas we have selected documents from different parts of the book, we stored their serial numbers. Page numbers are shown in square brackets after the text. The language, style of the headings and captions, cursive and text selection are all preserved. Also, for convenience of possible use by interested persons, we submit to them a list of abbreviations from the second book in the original.
Keywords: Austro-Hungarian Empire, Brest-Litovsk peace treaty, Galicia, Germany, Ukraine, The Ukrainian People's Republic, Ukrainian national movement, Ukrainians, Kholmshchyna.
We begin publishing the most important documents characterizing the state and progress of the Ukrainian case in the view of the numerous scientific discussions and, in some cases, the frank ideological manipulations that dominated in Soviet period and pursued the purpose of discrediting the Ukrainian national movement and Ukrainian statehood in general. We begin with the first book of the 4-volume edition of document, published by the efforts of one of the founders of the Vyacheslav Lypynsky's Institute in the USA, professor of the University of Vienna Teofil Gornykevich. We have selected 12 documents that chronologically cover the period from August 15, 1914 to March 25, 1918, and reproduce the vision of the Ukrainian problem by the ruling circles of Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany, as well as the efforts of Ukrainian public-political figures aimed at the election of Ukraine's independence. In particular, the visions of the Ukrainian spiritual, secular and military circles of the problems that confronted them during the First World War are revealed; reports on the economic and political situation in Ukraine; the relationship between the Ukrainian national and various social forces with the Bolsheviks; plans of Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany about Ukraine. Whereas we have selected documents from different parts of the book, we stored their serial numbers. Page numbers are shown in square brackets after the text. The language, style of the headings and captions, cursive and text selection are all preserved. Also, for convenience of possible use by interested persons, we submit to them a list of abbreviations in the original.
Keywords: Austro-Hungarian Empire, Galicia, Germany, Ukraine, Ukrainian state, The Ukrainian People's Republic, Ukrainian national movement, Ukrainians.
