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Indian medical education system has seen rapid growth in the last two decades. Private medical colleges now account for more than half of the 270 medical colleges in 2009. This unregulated unequal growth brings two issues to focus: the failing quality of medical education and implementing effective solutions to address an artificial faculty shortage due to faculty mal-distribution. The menace posed by the unfettered merchandisation of medical education has to be controlled and efforts should be made by the Government to ensure maintenance of standards and check the unplanned growth of substandard medical colleges and substandard education norms in universities or their constituent medical colleges. Since Indian Independence, MCI nor the University Grants Commission nor the constituent universities including the health sciences universities have never attempted to grade medical colleges as per their quality standards hence in the absence of health education quality standards, the student output from recent, hurriedly established recent science institutions is definitely substandard. There is a strong case for a review of the entire system of medical education and examinations in the country. Some solutions like increasing retirement ages of MD faculty to 70 years, sharing of faculty, increasing the total number of MD seats, allowing standard institutions like IIT's to take over substandard colleges, allowing clinical MDs to teach para-clinical and pre-clinical subjects or temporary merger of specialties may address the widely publicized faculty shortage instead of relying on inadequately qualified MSc. nonmedical faculty.

The death of Professor Everett M. Rogers in 2004 was a profound loss to the scholarly communications fraternety in general and the development communications community in particular. From the early 1960s up to his last days, Professor Rogers' scholarly writings and research influenced the fields of development communication, diffusion of innovations, communication technology, research and theory, as well as five generations of scholars in these fields. In this article I summarize the literature and development in developing countries, highlighting Professor Rogers' seminal contributions to the body of this work.

Contents: 1 Communication in development and social change: a genealogy of the field 1 Srinivas Raj Melkote and Arvind Singhal PART I BROAD CONCEPTUAL, THEORETICAL, METHODOLOGICAL AND PROGRAMMATIC ISSUES 2 Communication for development through dialogue, deliberation and civic media: how deliberative democracy and civic capital support social justice 15 Elesha L. Ruminski, Justin Reedy and Laura W. Black 3 Media and public communication for social mobilization toward social justice: a review of the capabilities approach 40 Tom Jacobson 4 Emerging issues in post-development and development communication for social justice: critical analysis of power, local place and networks 59 Aman Luthra and Clayton Rosati 5 Communication and development: Participatory Action Research and praxis for social justice 83 Srinivas Raj Melkote and H. Leslie Steeves 6 Culture-centered approach to communication for social change 100 Mohan J. Dutta, Pooja Jayan and Christine Elers 7 Participatory Communication for Social Change 120 Lisa Servaes and Jan Servaes 8 Participatory communication and action for a sustainable environment 142 Elske van de Fliert 9 Endogenous wisdom in action—the positive deviance approach: an alternative conceptualization of communication and social change praxis 154 Arvind Singhal, Monique Sternin, Shafique Muhammad and Lucía Durá 10 Advocacy communication for social justice 172 Karin G. Wilkins and Michael D. Kim 11 Community radio for social change: restoring decentralized democratic discursive spaces 189 Vinod Pavarala and Kanchan K. Malik 12 Multidimensional model for change: a comprehensive C4D-based framework for sustainable development 212 Paolo Mefalopulos 13 Putting people first: participatory development communication and sustainable development in agriculture and natural resource management 232 Guy Bessette 14 Health communication research and practice for progressive social change: a case study of COVID-19 244 Pradeep Krishnatray, Srinivas Melkote and H. Leslie Steeves 15 Building capacity in communication for development and health promotion 261 Rafael Obregón and Charlotte Lapsansky PART II COMMUNITY AND MEDIA MOBILIZATION FOR DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL CHANGE 16 Participatory and intersectionality approaches for gender equity and maternal health promotion in sub-Saharan Africa 284 Emrakeb A. Woldearegay, Elinam Amevor and H. Leslie Steeves 17 Transforming gender norms through communication: Minga Perú's communicative actions in the Amazon 301 Ami Sengupta and Arvind Singhal 18 The dialectical praxis of organizing for social change in digital hashtag movements: #MeToo and the Kavanaugh hearings 321 Wendy H. Papa, Michael J. Papa and Tisha Dejmanee 19 Communication design and co-creation of information solutions for sustainable social change at the margins 339 Uttaran Dutta 20 Experiences in feminist movement building in South Africa 358 Shereen Usdin, Ntombohlanga Mqushulu, Lebohang Letsela, Mari Lotvonen and Matokgo Makutoane PART III CONCLUSION 21 Communication for development and social change: reflections from theory and practice 375 Srinivas Raj Melkote and Arvind Singhal Index.

The aim of this study was to broaden development communication on how it deals with building the capacity of people to live meaningful and expressive lives. We examined users of Facebook and Instagram who exhibit body dissatisfaction beliefs and eating disorder (ED) behaviours. An important objective was to examine the prevalence of body dissatisfaction among young adult users of social media. Another objective was to examine if body dissatisfaction among these users is associated with ED behaviours. The target population for the study constituted students at a midsize university in the United States. A self-administered web survey was used to collect information about individuals' use of social media and its relation to body dissatisfaction, and consequently the prediction of ED behaviours. Correlational analyses were performed to answer the research question and test H2. Hierarchical regression was run to test H1. Regressions corresponding to the path model were run to test H3a and H3b. This study showed the prevalence of body dissatisfaction among users of social media, an association between body dissatisfaction and unhealthy eating behaviours, and further provided empirical evidence that attitude, norms and behaviour control exert an influence on intentions, which then influence disordered eating behaviour. The need for the present study was precisely to establish such a theory-based premise. This study then demonstrated how social media may be used as sites for development communication to combat and mitigate unhealthy physical appearance-based feelings and ideas, and potentially stop them from developing into more serious problems such as EDs.

The advent of new communication technologies has significantly influenced the direction of diffusion research. Initially, the focus was on adoption with individuals as its units. However, with the increasing importance of new communication technologies, it is now considered the responsibility of organizations. As a result, current research in diffusion is mainly concerned with implementation since the innovation process in organizations is only considered successful if it leads to implementation and possibly institutionalization. This article examines the relationship between the independent variables (teachers' attitudes towards computers and perceived innovation characteristics) and the dependent variables (teacher satisfaction and utilization). Ten hypotheses were formulated to examine the relationship between the variables. Using regression analysis, seven hypotheses related to perceived innovation characteristics were supported. One hypothesis related to attitudes was also supported. The results demonstrate that the implementation of educational computing was successful. This achievement can be attributed more to the importance of attitudinal and perceptual factors than the prescribed linear approach to the diffusion process in organizations. More specifically, the findings emphasize that the degree of implementation is a critical variable in diffusion research.

AbstractIn this paper we study a machine repair problem in which a single unreliable server maintains N identical machines. The breakdown times of the machines are assumed to follow an exponential distribution. The server is subject to failure and the failure times are exponentially distributed. The repair times of the machine and the service times of the repairman are assumed to be of phase type. Using matrix‐analytic methods, we perform steady state analysis of this model. The time spent by a failed machine in service and the total time in the repair facility are shown to be of phase type. Several performance measures are evaluated. An optimization problem to determine the number of machines to be assigned to the server that will maximize the expected total profit per unit time is discussed. An illustrative numerical example is presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 462–480, 2003