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Abstract
Using data from the 2010 National Transgender Discrimination Survey, authors examined differences in likelihood of being a parent across a number of factors and described parenting experiences of those who were assigned a male sex at birth (AMAB) and who currently identify on the transfeminine spectrum (AMAB-transfeminine). Authors found that those who are AMAB-genderqueer are more likely to be parents, while those who were assigned female at birth regardless of gender identity are less likely to be parents. Among AMAB-transfeminine individuals, increases in likelihood of being a parent were found based on Latinx racial identity, being in a relationship, and with increases in age and income, whereas no significant differences were found based on educational level or disability status. Equal proportions of the AMAB-transfeminine parents reported that their relationship with their children has either stayed the same or become worse since coming out and between 16.0% and 42.0% of AMAB-transfeminine parents reported that either a judge, their ex-partner, or their children have limited their relationship. Findings underscore the importance of an intersectional understanding of the transgender community and the need for intersectional cultural responsiveness training for social workers, along with the need for family interventions and policy advocacy work.

Despite home visiting's established legacy, the potential influence of intersecting parental characteristics on parent–worker relationships is less understood. This study examines the main and interaction effects of parents' demographic characteristics on positive relationships with workers in home visiting and compares whether and how these effects differ between fathers and mothers. This study analyzed 130 mothers and 180 fathers who participated in home visiting services. Immigrant status was a significant predictor of positive worker relationships for mothers and fathers, whereas ethnicity was only significant for fathers. Interaction analyses indicated that U.S.-born Hispanic/Latinx fathers faced greater challenges in building positive worker relationships than their foreign-born counterparts. These findings highlight the importance of developing gender-specific and culturally responsive strategies to enhance parent–worker relationships.

Despite increasing father involvement in rearing their children, research on the determinants of parenting stress has focused on mothers, ignoring the mutual influence between the two parents—fathers and mothers. Using the actor–partner interdependence model, we examined fathers' and mothers' reciprocal influences on parenting stress, with a focus on interparental relationship and co-parenting. Data from 174 couple dyads from the Dads Matter-HV© program were analyzed. Findings showed that both mothers' and fathers' co-parenting directly reduced their own parenting stress. Fathers' co-parenting significantly mediated the association between their own interparental relationship and parenting stress and the association between their own interparental relationship and mothers' parenting stress. Findings suggest fathers' perceptions of co-parenting are an important protective factor to be targeted by early child and family programs among parents at risk for chronic and parenting stress.