Suchergebnisse

The subject of the research is the categories "the spirit of the law" and "the letter of the law" in their regulatory sense.The purpose of the research is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the concept of "the spirit of the law" fundamentally impacts the methodology of legal research, legal con-sciousness and the mechanism of legal regulation.The methodology for researching the spirit of the law presupposes an adequate selection of means of knowledge. It is impossible to study the spirit of the law with the tools of ma-terialism or economic determinism. The spiritual-moral, axiological, metaphysical, systemic methods and the method of synthesis are preferred for the study of the spirit of the law. The legal system of society ceases to meet the elementary requirements of the formation of a person's legal consciousness, his improvement and spiritual health when the spirit of the law is denied. It is generally impossible to understand how law functions and achieves a regulatory effect using the dogmatic, positivist approach to law as a dominant method of cognition.The main results, scope of application. The problem of the operation of the spirit of the law is one of the ignored problems of legal practice. If the legal act is at odds with the spirit of the law, the law enforcer faces a difficult choice: either morality or law. This dilemma is fraught with serious conflicts both in the mental, psychological sphere of the law enforce-ment officer himself, and between all participants in the legal process. Every person has an internal imbalance if he makes decisions and performs actions that are contrary to his con-science. Jurisprudence, which adequately perceives the subordination between the spirit of the law and the letter of the law, warns against the temptation to consider law as a sphere independent of spiritual absolutes. The current law is not exactly what is set out in the texts of regulatory acts. Distinguishing between the spirit of the law and the letter of the law, therefore, requires special types of interpretation of texts (broad, restrictive), as well as analogies of legislation and analogies of law. ; Категории «дух права» и «буква закона» исследуются в их нормативном значении. Обосновывается фундаментальность понятия «дух права» для методологии правовых исследований, правосознания и механизма правового регулирования. Отмечается, что дуализм духа права и буквы закона заключается в несовпадении их природы. Дух права выражает идеи, принципы, символы и ценности, способные быть регулятивными, тогда как буква закона есть совокупность документально выраженных норм, которые обладают конститутивной сущностью. Дух права составляет коренную основу правового сознания общества. В праве, как и в искусстве, воздействующем на сознание и поведение человека, главное – его дух, смысл и образ: только тогда форма права приобретает полноту и целостность своих функциональных характеристик.

A modern NPP is equipped by containment to hold radioactive substances and ionizing radiation bounded as design margins prescribe. Hydrogen mitigation system is used to protect containment against hydrogen fire and detonation. The system includes a scope of passive autocatalitic recombiners. Hydrogen is transformed into water, passing through said recombiners. The reaction occurs on catalyst surface. The main catalyst material is a palladium doped platinum. Hydrogen mitigation system parameters during severe accident are of interest. Wise admitted for NPP full scale tests are impossible, so the main analysis are calculations. Recombiner consists of catalytic block and stuck. The stuck provides reagents feeding and products evacuation enhancing natural convection transport. A model for calculations is suggested for recombiner with a plate-type catalyst block. The two free parameters of the model are chemical reaction intensity on catalyst and unit drag. Said parameters are estimated experimental data based on. Passive autocatalitic recombiner characteritics during severe ac- cident on AES-2006 NPP are calculated. The unit capacity is found not less that specification points. Catalyst temperatures, even the mean one, are above 500 °С, exhaust jet temperature exceeds 150 °С. Hydrogen content is high in the jet. Capacity increases linearly with hydrogen concentration at the unit entrance. Atmospheric temperature influence is low. Hydrogen mitigation system overall capacity is constant for uniform or not uniform hydrogen distribution in the containment. The calculated data may be used for recombiner work estimation during accident on AES-2006 NPP.

A comprehensive geological and geophysical study of wave-like accumulative bodies on the continental slope of the Caspian Sea was carried out to determine their genesis. As a result, a regular change in the geometry of the layers and the composition of sediments on different morphological elements of waves were revealed, expressed in their textural and structural features, similar to the examples described in the literature for the regions of development of sedimentary waves.

Abstract. The influence of variations in conductivity and external electric current variations in the lower atmosphere on DC electric field over a seismic region is investigated. The external current is formed with the occurrence of convective upward transport of charged aerosols and their gravitational sedimentation in the atmosphere. This effect is related with the occurrence of ionization source due to seismic-related emanation of radon and other radioactive elements into the lower atmosphere. An increase in atmosphere radioactivity level results in the appearance of additional sources of ionization, and altitude dependence of the ion formation rate is calculated. Ionization source varies the atmospheric conductivity and the external current through appearance of ions with equilibrium number density and their adhesion to aerosols. We have calculated the perturbation of conductivity and external electric current as a function of altitude. Variation of conductivity and external current in the lower atmosphere leads to a perturbation of electric current which flows in the global atmosphere-ionosphere circuit. Finally, perturbations of DC electric field both on the Earth's surface and in the ionosphere are estimated.

A comparative analysis of sections of soil columns from the northern part of the Black Sea and the Northern and Middle Caspian Sea was performed. In the Black Sea, the New, Old Black Sea and New Evksin sediments were identified, the features of their lithological composition were revealed and the age of 14C was established. Shallow and deep-water Novocaspian, Mangyshlak, Verkhnekhvalynsky, Nizhnekhvalynsky, Athelsky and Hyrkan horizons are identified and correlated in the Caspian Sea. As a result, the identity of the structure of the continuous deep-water sections of the compared reservoirs and the synchronicity of the Novoevksin and Late Khvalyn layers are established, which suggests the absence of a connection between the Novoevksin and Early Khvalyn seas.

The sections of boreholes and sediment cores in the Taman shelf area and on the Caucasian continental slope, which uncovered shallow and deep-water facies of the interglacial Karangate horizon, were studied. The shallow-water sediments include clayey and sandy-shell varieties containing stenohaline marine molluscan fauna. Deep-water sediments are represented by sapropelic and coccolithic layers with a marine flora of diatom algae and coccolithophorids.

Abstract. DC electric field in the ionosphere above seismically active regions can be formed in a process of external current insertion into the atmosphere-ionosphere electric circuit. This current arises as a result of convective upward transport of charged aerosols and their gravitational sedimentation. Aerosols are injected into the atmosphere by soil gases intensified in the zones of active faults. In general case the horizontal distribution of injected aerosols in such zones is asymmetric. In this report we propose the method for computation of DC electric field generated in the ionosphere and the atmosphere by external electric current with arbitrary spatial distribution. Oblique magnetic field and the conjugate ionosphere effects are taken into consideration.