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This study examines the behavioural intentions of international tourists travelling to Beijing when faced with smog pollution. An extended MGB (model of goal-directed behaviour) was employed as the theoretical framework by integrating mass-media effect and perception of smog. The role of mass-media effect and perception of smog were considered as new variables in the international tourist's decision-making process for travel to Beijing. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to identify the structural relationships among research variables. Our research results showed a strong correlation between positive anticipated emotion and desire. The mass-media effect is a significant (direct) predictor of both the perception of smog and behavioural intention. The Chinese government could attach great importance to the mass-media effect to reduce the negative impact caused by smog pollution on inbound tourism.

Beaches are an important recreational setting due to their provision of ideal open spaces for diverse water– and land–based recreation opportunities. Despite the importance of assessing the environmental justice of public beach access, few empirical studies have been conducted in community recreation. Using an environmental justice framework, this study examined whether inequities exist for certain racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups with respect to the distribution of public beach access in the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Results indicated that inequitable public beach access is associated with population density, median housing value, elderly population, and nonvehicle ownership. Such findings can help public leisure agencies to assess environmental justice, a first step in developing more effective community recreation planning and management policies. Study implications, limitations, and recommendations for further research are also discussed.

AbstractStudies have demonstrated that spatial deprivation (SD) exists in the process of ecological migration, but few studies have examined whether SD affects the settlement intention of eco‐migrants. Based on 648 valid questionnaires from 65 villages in China, this study investigates the effect of SD on the continued settlement intention (CSI)of eco‐migrants by developing a new theoretical model with integrating Expectation—Confirmation Model—Theory of planned behaviour (ECM–TPB) structural equation model. We find that the theoretical model has a high explanation with R2 = 75 per cent for CSI; the SD of villages are different from moving periods and landforms, and it has significant main effect on CSI and significant moderating effects on the relationship between settlement attitude, settlement satisfaction and CSI; settlement attitude has significant mediating effect on settlement usefulness to CSI. The study concludes that countries should reduce SD by optimizing the allocation of spatial resources to stabilize the settlement intention of eco‐migrants.