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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgments -- PART ONE INTRODUCTION -- 1 The Long and Winding Road to Peace -- Notes -- PART TWO BELLIGERENTS DURING WAR -- 2 Power and the Willingness to Settle: "Why stop now? -- Gaining the Upper Hand -- Effects of Victory -- Effects of Intervention -- Conclusions -- Notes -- 3 The Avoidance of Weakness and the Search for Strength: "WE will look weak -- Strategies for Coping with the Dilemma -- The Gulf War of 1991 -- Notes -- 4 Political and Cognitive Dissonance: "WE'd never get away with it -- Defining the Trap -- Entering the Trap Deliberately -- Escaping the Trap -- Conclusions -- Notes -- 5 Making the Decision to Stop Fighting: "WE didn't consider it -- THEY wouldn't listen -- WE couldn't agree -- Type 1 Structures: "We didn't (dare) consider it, -- Type 2 Structures: "They (the leadership) just won't listen, -- Type 3 Structures: "We (the leader and inner circle) couldn't agree, -- Conclusions -- Notes -- 6 Unbridgeable Divides and Uncontrollable Armies -- the Inability to Cease Fire: "WE can't give them what they want -- WE can't stop fighting -- A Bridge Too Far -- Armies out of Control -- Conclusions -- Notes -- 7 The Cease-fire Proposal -- Construction, Acceptance, and Failure: "WE can't make/accept the offer -- The agreement didn't work -- The Failure to Communicate -- The Flawed Proposal -- Proposals and Politics -- The Missing Link: Getting the Words Right -- Conclusions -- Notes -- PART THREE THIRD PARTIES AND WAR -- 8 Mediator Impartiality and the "Two-Hat" Dilemma: "YOU are not objective -- Impartiality and "Mediation": What's in a Name? -- How to Be Impartial: Avoiding the "Two-Hat" Dilemma -- Who Should Mediate? -- Conclusions -- Notes -- 9 The Imposed Cease-fire: "YOU can't make us -- Coercion -- the Tools of the Trade

It has often been said that one major factor determining the success of third party mediation efforts is their perceived impartiality, but the importance of impartiality to successful mediation has recently come into question (Bercovitch et al., 1991; Wehr & Lederach, 1991). This paper attempts to argue that it is nevertheless crucial under certain conditions. It will become clear that there is more than one style of mediation (a fact which is often neglected in comparative studies) and that a failure to distinguish these styles in future will have a severe impact on the validity of any study of mediation effectiveness. On this basis, research in future should be directed first towards distinguishing particular styles of mediation, and second towards studies of their effectiveness. Finally, it will be shown that mediator impartiality may indeed be less important to powered, coercive mediation, but in a non-coercive, private, and voluntary mediation, impartiality is vital to success.