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The rapid development of local enterprise agencies in Britain in the 1980s has been an important focus for the increasing involvement of the private sector in economic development. These agencies present themselves as locally oriented partnerships and the paper draws on evidence from a recent survey, undertaken by the author in Greater London, to show what partnership can mean in practice. A particular focus is the relation between enterprise agencies and local authorities. This leads to a discussion of some of the policy issues arising from the development of these agencies which is part of a wider growth of the non‐elected state in Britain through the decade. It is argued that their development raises important questions concerning their lack of local democratic accountability.

"This book contributes new research to the current array of literature on small business management under diverse geographic, economic, and socio-cultural conditions,exploring existing theories in tandem with fresh viewpoints"--

The expert contributors reveal that government policy is one of the key influences on the external environment in which businesses develop, particularly in countries where it has been necessary to redefine the role of the state in relation to business development. They outline how government policy can also act as an enabling and/or a constraining force with respect to entrepreneurship development, particularly in relation to institutional change and the development of a market-based economy. This Handbook includes up-to-date information and analysis as to how entrepreneurship policies have evolved in the wider Europe, focusing on the challenges that arise in designing and implementing entrepreneurship policy. -- The Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship Policies in Central and Eastern Europe excellently covers different facets of entrepreneurship policies in Central and Eastern Europe and will prove invaluable for academics, students and researchers of entrepreneurship and small business as well as policy studies. Policy makers will also find plenty of key insights and relevant information in this important resource.

This chapter focuses on local public policies relevant to SME development and entrepreneurship in China. Previous research has mainly been concerned with specific policies and programmes promoting innovative SMEs and entrepreneurship at the national level. Using the documents of entrepreneurship policy initiatives and datasets on SME development in two contrasting provinces covering a period of 10 years, entrepreneurship policy in China is shown to be more complex than in most other countries, serving not only entrepreneurial activities but also institutional transition. Geographic disparities in SME development and entrepreneurship are demonstrated (see detailed analysis undertaken in Guangdong and Sichuan). As a result, whilst there are marked differences in the policy priorities in Guangdong and Sichuan, all levels of government share a common goal to promote entrepreneurship and innovation.

China's rapid growth in recent decades can be attributed in large part to the emergence of a vibrant private sector, which now accounts for around three quarters of the economy. Despite government pronouncements in support of private small businesses, public policy and institutions to support private sector development have been slow to emerge and address their needs. However, many privately owned enterprises are in need of assistance, affected by internal capability constraints such as a lack of management and leadership skills and by an external environment that still privileges state-owned enterprises. Although policy makers may have had other policy priorities in the past, and private enterprises have been able to survive and grow without inputs of professional advice and support, we argue that in the future small and medium-sized enterprises in China will require appropriate and effective business support to continue to grow. In this context we consider two interventions designed to build institutional capacity to provide business support at a local level and the barriers to be overcome if an effective framework for state promotion of privately owned small businesses is to be established.

Der Artikel behandelt drei miteinander zusammenhängende Themen: die regionale Dimension der Entwicklung von Institutionen und Unternehmenspolitik, den sozialen Dialog und Governance, welche eine enorme Herausforderung in Ländern bedeuten, die über keine Traditionen der Selbstverwaltung der Wirtschaft verfügen; und das Thema der Regulierung in Zusammenhängen, in denen das Verhältnis des Staates zur Wirtschaft zunächst neu definiert werden muss. Das empirische Material, auf das sich der Artikel bezieht, stammt aus einer Reihe von eigenen Forschungsarbeiten der Autoren in Ländern wie Polen, den baltischen Staaten, Russland, Weißrussland, der Ukraine, Usbekistan und Moldawien. Marktwirtschaftliche Reformen erfordern einen fundamentalen Wechsel in der Rolle des Staates, da die staatlichen Aufgaben in der Planung und Allokation von Ressourcen, als Preissetzer, als Eigentümer und Finanzier von Unternehmen abgelöst werden von der Notwendigkeit, privates Unternehmertum zu regulieren und zu ermöglichen, mit allem was dazu gehört. Nicht überraschend variieren die Erfahrungen der osteuropäischen Transformationsländer in dieser Hinsicht, trotz der Tatsache, dass sie auf eine gemeinsame sozialistische Vergangenheit zurück blicken können. Diese Erfahrungen, die in diesem Artikel beschrieben werden, reflektieren Unterschiede in der Einstellungen der Regierungen zu den Marktreformen wie auch im Wissen und den Ressourcen, die den jeweiligen Staaten zur Verfügung stehen, um Reformen voranzutreiben. In denjenigen zentral- und osteuropäischen Ländern, die kürzlich der EU beigetreten sind, hat der Beitrittsprozess zusätzliche Anstöße auf dem Weg zur Marktwirtschaft gegeben. Dagegen hat sich in vielen Ländern der Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten der Reformprozess verzögert, hauptsächlich aufgrund des fehlenden Willens von staatlicher Seite, adäquate Rahmenbedingungen für unternehmerische Aktivitäten zu schaffen. Privates Unternehmertum existiert unter solchen Bedingungen trotz der staatlichen Wirtschaftspolitik und staatlicher Aktionen, allerdings sind produktive unternehmerische Aktivitäten stark eingeschränkt und unternehmerisches Verhalten notgedrungen beeinflusst und bestimmt von institutionellen Defiziten. ; The paper focuses on three interrelated themes: the regional dimensions of institutionalization and entrepreneurship policies; dialogue and governance issues, which present enormous challenges in a situation where there is no recent tradition of self-governing organizations; and regulation, in a context where the role of the state in relation to business needs to be redefined. The data used are drawn from a number of studies of entrepreneurship in countries that include Poland, the Baltic States, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Moldova. The process of market reform requires a fundamental shift in the role of the state in the economy, as government replaces its roles as planner of resource allocation and price setter, owner and financier of enterprise activity through subsidies and transfers, with a role as regulator and facilitator of private enterprise activity, with all that involves. Not surprisingly, the experience in this regard has varied considerably between countries, despite the fact that they may share a common socialist heritage. The contrasting experience described in the paper reflects differences in the level of commitment to market reforms, as well as in the knowledge and resources available to the state to implement what is required. For countries from Central and Eastern Europe that have recently joined the EU, the process of Accession gave added impetus to the ongoing process of market reform. By contrast, in many of the CIS, the process of market reform has stalled, essentially because of a lack of recognition and commitment on the part of the state to creating the conditions to enable entrepreneurs to fulfill their role as generators of wealth and drivers of economic development. In such conditions, private businesses exist despite the policies and actions of government, although the extent of productive entrepreneurship is limited and the behavior of entrepreneurs necessarily shaped by institutional deficiencies.