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This article appeared in Strategic Insights (April 2002), v.1 no.2 ; China's leaders also have been forging strong economic ties with the Central Asian states over many years, and have launched a crackdown against what they are calling Islamic extremists in the Chinese regions bordering Central Asia. Although Beijing has given the Bush administration its support in the war on terrorism, Chinese officials have expressed their alarm over the rapidly expanding U.S. military presence in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, and openly question what plans the United States might have for the region's future.

AbstractThis article reports on the benchmarking of organizational structure, governance and finances of accreditation in a number of industries and certification programs in tourism, as part of the research on the feasibility and desirability of a Sustainable Tourism Stewardship Council. There are a variety of governance structures widely accepted and potentially transferable to new accreditation bodies, with the biggest changes coming in the form of outsourcing the accreditation function from standard setting and compliance with ISO guides. Financial benchmarking has shown great weaknesses in the sector, over‐relying on seed funding from donors and the general inability of the sector to be self‐financing, which casts a shadow over the long term survival of accreditation in its present form. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction (Thomas Bruneau) -- PART I. CASE STUDIES -- 1. The Origins of Southern California Latino Gangs (Al Valdez) -- 2. Street Gangs of El Salvador (Sonja Wolf) -- 3. Street Gangs of Guatemala (Elin Cecilie Ranum) -- 4. Street Gangs of Honduras (Joanna Mateo) -- 5. Street Gangs of Nicaragua (José Luis Rocha, translated from the Spanish by Michael Solis) -- PART II. RESPONSES TO GANG VIOLENCE -- 6. State Power and Central American Maras: A Cross-national Comparison (Enrique Desmond Arias) -- 7. Government Responses and the Dark Side of Gang Suppression in Central America (José Miguel Cruz) -- 8. Elite Membership and Sexualized Violence among Central American Gangs (Mauricio Rubio, translated from the Spanish by Michael Solis) -- 9. The Use of Intelligence to Combat Maras (Clifford Gyves) -- 10. The Impact of U.S. Anti-gang Policies in Central America: Quo Vadis? (Florina Cristiana Matei) -- Conclusion: The Dilemma of Fighting Gangs in New Democracies (Thomas Bruneau and Lucía Dammert) -- Notes -- Glossary -- List of Acronyms -- Bibliography -- About the Contributors -- Index.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I. Case Studies -- 1. The Origins of Southern California Latino Gangs -- 2. Street Gangs of El Salvador -- 3. Street Gangs of Guatemala -- 4. Street Gangs of Honduras -- 5. Street Gangs of Nicaragua -- Part II. Responses to Gang Violence -- 6. State Power and Central American Maras: A Cross- national Comparison -- 7. Government responses and the Dark Side of Gang Suppression in Central America -- 8. Elite Membership and Sexualized Violence among Central American Gangs -- 9. the Use of Intelligence to Combat Maras -- 10. the Impact of U.S. Anti- gang Policies in Central America: Quo Vadis? -- Conclusion: The Dilemma of Fighting Gangs in New Democracies -- Notes -- Glossary -- List of Acronyms -- Bibliography -- About the Contributors -- Index