Suchergebnisse

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine developers' optimal development timing when developers are heterogeneous and have different marginal costs in a real estate development market.


Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a multiple-player game theoretic real option model and provides tractable results of asymmetric development strategies from a two-stochastic-variable model. Anecdotal evidence and market observations are presented.


Findings
Stronger developers (with low marginal costs) exercise real estate development options earlier than weaker developers (with high marginal costs). However, the interval time between developments by stronger and weaker developers decreases in rental volatilities. Real estate with a high positive externality are developed earlier than real estate with a low or negative externality.


Practical implications
Weaker and smaller developers are advised to undertake projects having positive externalities from vicinities. Government agencies are recommended to use tools of zoning and urban planning to prioritise developments introducing positive externalities and to facilitate the growth of weaker and smaller developers. This may subsequently help reduce incentive for land banking and oversupply in real estate space market.


Originality/value
This research is probably the first to explicitly incorporate developers' heterogeneous strength in real estate development timing options with multiple developers in a competitive market. It sheds additional insights into the understanding of potential problems of development cascades, under the interactive effects between exogenous policy changes and endogenous response from asymmetric developers.

This study re-examines the potential role that direct real estate can play in institutional mixed-asset portfolios. The paper examines the statistical improvement in performance that can result from the inclusion of real estate in an international mixed asset portfolio, using both in-sample and out-of-sample data. Using US real estate data the results provide evidence that in most cases real estate does not lead to a significant improvement in portfolio performance in sample. However, out-of-sample tests indicate that the asset does provide a valuable diversification asset, with significant im