Suchergebnisse

The food industry is a significant contaminant of the environment, especially in relation to poorly treated wastewater [1]. Such drains are diverse both in terms of component composition and concentration, and represent a complex bio-physico-chemical system in which, along with dissolved substances, particles of varying degree of dispersion are contained. The overwhelming majority of sewage from food establishments as organic pollutants is organic. The latter, as a rule, are of natural origin, that is, they are not products of artificial organic synthesis, but are formed as a result of the livelihoods of microorganisms, higher animals and plants [2]. In the technology of food production, the current legislation prohibits the use of substances whose exposure to products is inadmissible, so the sewage of food establishments does not contain xenobiotics. There is no or very limited content of heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticides and other hazardous substances in the runoff [3].The multicomponent composition of wastewater, electrochemical complexes of their purification are formed, the key task of which is to remove, first of all, organic pollutants. At the same time, each enterprise has its own characteristics (regional, technological, etc.), it requires the formation of a theoretical basis for the design of pollutant removal systems with their consideration - the first step for this is the technological systematization of the nomenclature of electrical equipment of food production. The purpose of the research is to substantiate and systematize the electrotechnological complexes of sewage treatment systems of food production on the example of bread-baking plants, alcohol and sugar factories, milk-processing enterprises.The systematization of electrotechnological wastewater treatment complexes will be carried out for diversified enterprises of the food segment of the real sector of the economy: bread-baking plants; distilleries; sugar factories; dairies. By systematizing the parameters of the wastewater of the investigated enterprises, generalized problems for water purification systems, which are projected in accordance with the materials of normative documents (DBN В.2.5-75: 2013 "Sewerage of external networks and structures, the main provisions of the design"), were obtained.On the basis of the analysis of generalized problems, we conclude that when creating an effective electrotechnological complex for the treatment of drips of milk processing enterprises, bread baking plants, alcohol and sugar factories, and methods for their purification to maximum permissible concentrations, it is necessary to use all the basic methods of exposure to pollutants: mechanical, biological, chemical, physical -chemical; realizing their combination based on the specifics of real (actual) objects [1, 2, 6, 7]. Then, as an alternative to a generalized technological solution, an appropriate sequence of removal of contaminants can be presented (Fig. 1).It is necessary to take into account the potential impact of emergency situations, since the water purification equipment can operate only within the specified design limits [1, 8, 9] (Fig. 2), and with a volume of discharge from 500 m3 / day to 10,000 m3 / day, its inefficient work can lead to catastrophic situations. To do this, it is necessary to create intellectual decision support systems (DSS) for the electrotechnological complex of water purification (Fig. 2), which would solve the tasks: supply / not supply of wastewater to wastewater treatment plants; the quality of wastewater entering the cleaning and their quality after cleaning.The need for the synthesis of intellectual DSS is due to the fact that there are up to ten perceiving elements capable of working in real time (close to such a mode), at the same time, it is necessary to control dozens of quality parameters of sinks [10] - respectively, to make operational decisions regarding: modes of operation of water treatment equipment in the range of passport parameters; estimation of the potential excess of the MPC after cleaning at the exit of the quality indicators of the incoming water beyond the passport characteristics - the waste flows into the waste (contamination is not critical for the environment and equipment of the electrotechnical complex); non-admission of waste products into waste water treatment plants - pollution (after water purification) is critical for the environment and / or for the equipment of an electrotechnical complex.Information on the DSS should not only relate to the volumes and composition of the wastewater, but also to the forecast of the failure of one or another production complex (system), which in turn can potentially lead to the introduction of waste water with inadmissible quality (non-standard mode of operation of the structures water purification); Data from DSS must be transmitted to the operator and to the local process control system (Fig. 2).In the course of the research it can be concluded that the complete set of the electrotechnological complex for the guaranteed removal of pollutants contains, as an option: primary mechanical purification, averaging with neutralization, flotation and coagulation, biological treatment, additional decontamination and a block of treatment of the resulting sludge waste treatment. Obligatory for the effective removal of contaminants from the occurrence of abnormal situations in the context of exceeding the indicators of pollution at the entrance to the treatment facilities, will cause the equipment to fail and lead to pollution of the natural environment. It is necessary to synthesize a system of support for decision-making that would solve the problems: supply / not supply of wastewater to wastewater treatment plants; the quality of wastewater coming to the cleaning and their quality after cleaning.Key words: regulatory framework, environmental safety, combined electro-technological water purification, non-emergency situation, decision support system ; Оцінено склад стічних вод харчових виробництв і підтверджено, що вони являються забрудненими і обов'язковим чином потребують якісного очищення; для молокозаводів, хлібокомбінатів, спиртзаводів та цукрових заводів такими забруднювачами узагальнено є: окислюваність, запах, прозорість, хімічне споживання кисню (ХСК), біологічне споживання кисню (БСК), рН, фосфор загальний, азот загальний, завислі частинки, сухий залишок. Виходячи із аналізу складу стоків, запропоновано комплектацію електротехнологічного комплексу для гарантованого видалення забруднювачів у складі: первинного механічного очищення, усереднення із нейтралізацією, флотації та коагуляції, біологічного очищення, додаткового знезараження та блоку опрацювання отриманого в результаті опрацювання стоків осаду. Обґрунтовано, що обов'язковим для ефективного видалення забруднювачів є врахування дії нештатних ситуацій (перевищення показників забруднення на вході перед очисними спорудами), що може призвести до виходу із ладу обладнання та викликати недопустимі забруднення навколишнього природного середовища. Запропоновано синтезувати інтелектуальну систему підтримки прийняття рішень, котра б вирішувала завдання: подачі/не подачі стоків на очисні споруди; оцінки якості стоків, котрі надходять на очищення та їх якість після очищення; із передачею інформації на локальні системи керування електротехнологічними комплексами.Ключові слова: нормативно-правова база, екологічна безпека, комбіноване електротехнологічне водоочищення, нештатна ситуація, система підтримки прийняття рішень.