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India's government set the goal to grow the country's digital economy to $1 trillion by 2025–26. Dynamic growth of digitalmarkets is one of the government's priorities for attaining this goal. Digital platforms are important drivers of growth. Simultaneously,big tech's non-competitive practices create risks of economic and moral damage for consumers and distort competitionin the markets. India's authorities shape regulation of the digital markets in two main directions: consumer protectionand prevention digital platform behaviours which might impair competition. To protect consumers, the government hasamended the consumer protection rules and expanded their application to digital enterprises. India adopted the ConsumerProtection Act (2019), the Consumer Protection in E-Commerce Rules (2020), and the Digital Personal Data ProtectionAct (2023). To ensure contestability, fairness, and transparency in digital markets, in 2023 the Competition (Amendment)Act was approved by Parliament, placing digital markets within the legal framework of competition. The Committee on theDigital Competition Law developed a draft Digital Competition Bill (2024) which aims to regulate systemically significantdigital enterprises through an ex ante approach.The article reviews the government of the Republic of India's policy on digital platform regulation, exploring themain instruments and difficulties in shaping the new system and determining a regulatory approach. The study draws on asurvey of the regulatory bills and rules, reports, bill drafts, experts' assessments, and research articles. The authors focuson the amendments to the consumer and competition protection laws adopted in recent years. The article concludes withthe authors' views regarding the adoption of the Digital Competition Bill and perspectives on India's interest in deepeninginternational cooperation on digital markets regulation, including in the BRICS group (Brazil, Russia, India, China, SouthAfrica, and others) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).

Given the active formation and development of digital platforms in Russia, discussion of possible approaches has intensifiedand legislative changes have been initiated aimed at improving regulation in platform markets. The Ministry of EconomicDevelopment and Bank of Russia have published the Concept of Regulating Digital Platforms and Ecosystems and the report"Ecosystems: Approaches to Regulation," respectively. The competition legislation has been supplemented, primarily withinthe framework of the Fifth Antimonopoly Package, along with regulations aimed at protecting consumer rights on digitalplatforms. The Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation (FAS Russia) and representatives of business participatedin developing tools for digital platforms' self-regulation.The purpose of this article is to analyze approaches to regulation of digital platforms in Russia and to identify difficultiesin its development and opportunities for improvement. The study is based on the analysis of legislation and law enforcementpractice, scientific articles, and analytical reports. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors make conclusionsregarding possible future directions for regulatory developments and proposals for deepening international cooperation.The approach to protecting consumer rights on digital platforms in Russia combines the extension of previously existingnorms to the platform economy with the addition of some new norms relating to aggregators of information about goodsand services. Antimonopoly regulation follows the same approach, while, as part of the Fifth Antimonopoly Package, ruleshave been introduced aimed at eliminating illegal practices of dominant platforms and ecosystems.Based on the results of the analysis, the authors forecast further regulatory developments, which may relate to a widerange of aspects, from the unification of terminology and the introduction of new criteria for classifying platforms as dominantto the appointment of platforms' contact points for communication with authorities and consumers and interdepartmentalcoordination. The authors recommend using the regulatory experience accumulated by both western jurisdictions andpartner countries, taking measures to promote Russian approaches at the international level, and intensifying cooperationon the regulation of digital platforms in multilateral formats, primarily in the BRICS group (including Brazil, Russia, India,China, South Africa, and others).

With the increasing importance of digital platforms as an infrastructure for the digital modernization of industry,the People's Republic of China (PRC) is moving a comprehensive, but more flexible, model for their regulation. The distinctivefeatures of this model include the requirement to ensure interoperability of large platforms, interoperability of socialnetworks and mobile payments, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) by platforms, and three-way interaction betweenAI developers, platform operators, and inspection authorities. This article presents the results of monitoring the key decisionsof the Chinese leadership in changing the regulatory model for digital platforms in recent years, as well as analyzing thePRC's policy of regulating digital platforms in three key areas – competition protection, ex ante regulation, and consumerand personal data protection

The article reviews cooperation between the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and their collective efforts to promote reform of international financial institutions, shape global financial regulation and improve financial cooperation. The authors focus on the BRICS–G20 engagement for global economic governance reform. To assess the progress so far, the study employs original quantitative data on the BRICS and G20 commitments and compliance, and qualitative analysis of the BRICS and G20 discourse and the transformation of the international economic architecture. The results suggest that, contrary to the common perception of the BRICS as a challenger of the traditional western-dominated international monetary and financial system, it acts in a cooperative manner, seeking to make the international financial architecture and global regulation more representative and responsive to emerging markets and developing economies needs, and strengthen the stability and resilience of international and domestic financial markets.