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For many years, traditional approaches to the study of leadership have reflected three common assumptions: First, leadership is a property of the leaders; second, there is a clear distinction between leaders and followers; and third, leadership is associated with a position in some traditional or formal hierarchy. It is only in the last decade or so that new approaches have started to emerge. This major work brings together the key literature charting these developments - including theoretical perspectives, studies and research methods which represent new approaches - as well as providing an overview of the emerging, promising trends in the field of leadership studies

Compares the relationships between voting preferences & two predictors -- voters' ideological position & the perceived charisma of political leaders -- under two conditions: partisan elections & personal elections. Also examined is whether these relationships are moderated by the ideological extremity of the parties standing for election & by voters' personal disposition to ascribe importance to leadership. Questionnaire data were collected from 278 university students & graduates 4-6 weeks before the general elections in Israel. Findings reveal that voters' ideological position was strongly related to leaders' perceived charisma & to voting preferences, especially under conditions of personal elections. In combination, voters' ideological position & leaders' charisma perceptions predicted voting preferences very accurately. These relationships were not affected by the two hypothesized moderators. 4 Tables, 1 Appendix, 16 References. Adapted from the source document.

This paper claims that current work motivation theories are restricted in certain respects due to their overreliance on individualistic-hedonistic assumptions and their over-emphasis of cognitive-calculative processess. It is suggested that a self-concept based theory should be added to the existing core of theories in order to overcome their limitations. Certain assumptions about the relationships between the self-concept and behaviour are presented, followed by a series of theoretical propositions and some research suggestions. The implications of the theory for organizational commitment, collective work behaviour, transformational leadership and symbolic management are briefly discussed.

This paper argues for the further development of work motivation theories to include better links between the individual and the collectivity, in order to more adequately explain individual contributions to collective work efforts. Three co-determinants of collectivistic work motivation are discussed: calculative considerations, moral commitments, and the affirmation of identities. It is argued that perceived collective efficacy and social rewards and sanctions should be given a central place in calculative models of collectivistic work motivation. It is further argued that moral commitments and identity affirmation should not be reduced to cost-benefit calculations because doing so denies the social origins of collectivistic motivation, and masks the potential importance of these factors in explanations of collective action.

Previous research indicates that leisure can provide alternatives for unsatisfying or missing jobs only if it is "serious" (Stebbins, 1982). Serious leisure is characterized by commitment on the part of participants. However, the terms commitment and leisure are not easily reconciled. Commitment, which denotes obligation, duty, restriction, and routine, may seem to negate essential elements of leisure such as freedom, individuality, spontaneity, variety, and pleasure. The article offers a conceptual discussion of commitment and its implications for the leisure sphere. Two concepts of commitment are derived from the sociological and social-psychological literature: External commitment and internal commitment, and the article analyzes their relationships with continuance, motivation, satisfaction, involvement, freedom, and routine. The analysis shows that, notwithstanding important differences between committed and uncommitted leisure, the concept of commitment is potentially useful for descriptive and explanatory frameworks of leisure behavior.